Preposition - With and By

 

All Possible Uses of the Preposition “WITH”

The preposition “with” is one of the most commonly used words in English. It shows company, association, instrument, manner, possession, agreement, cause, contrast, and many other relationships.

1. With - Accompanied by / Together with (साथ में)

Used to show that two or more people or things are together.

Examples
I went to the market with my brother.
She is sitting with her friends.
He came with his parents.

2. With - Having / Possession (के पास)

Shows that someone has something.

Examples
A man with a beard is standing outside.
She bought a bag with two pockets.
I saw a house with a garden.

3. With = Using an instrument or tool (के द्वारा / से)

Shows the tool, instrument, or means used to do something.

Examples
He cut the paper with a knife.
She wrote the letter with a pen.
The thief was killed with a gun.

4. With - Manner / Style (तरीके से)

Shows how an action is done.

Examples
He spoke with confidence.
She answered with a smile.
The teacher explained the topic with patience.

5. With - Cause / Reason (के कारण)

Shows the reason behind a feeling or situation.

Examples
He was shaking with fear.
She was crying with joy.
The boy was weak with hunger.

6. With = Filled or Covered (से भरा हुआ)

Shows something is full of something.

Examples
The room was filled with smoke.
His eyes were red with anger.
The ground was covered with snow.

7. With - Agreement / Support (के पक्ष में)

Shows support or agreement.

Examples
I agree with you.
The public is with the government.
 Are you with me on this decision?

8. With - Relationship / Dealing (के साथ व्यवहार)

Shows behavior or relationship toward someone.

Examples
He is polite with everyone.
Be careful with the glass.
She is strict with her students.

9. With - Comparison / Contrast

Used to compare two different things.

Examples
Compare this answer with the correct one.
Her life is different with money than without it.
His behavior changes with age.

10. With - Against (विरुद्ध)

Sometimes “with” means “in opposition to”.

Examples
The fight was with the enemy.
He argued with his father.
She quarreled with her sister.

11. With - Condition / Circumstance

Shows a condition or situation.

Examples
With hard work, you can succeed.
With little money, he survived.
With his experience, the job is easy.

12. With - Emotional Reaction

Shows emotions expressed during an action.

Examples
She looked at me with surprise.
He listened with interest.
The news was received with shock.

13. With - Connection / Association

Shows connection or involvement.

Examples
He is associated with a big company.
She is popular with students.
This issue has nothing to do with me.

14. With - Accompanied Circumstance (Absolute Construction)

Used at the beginning of a sentence to show a situation.

Examples
With the sun rising, we started our journey.
With all doors closed, the room became dark.
With his hands trembling, he signed the paper.

15. With = In the Same Direction or Situation

Shows similarity or parallel change.

Examples
Prices rise with demand.
His confidence grew with time.
The pain increased with pressure.

16. With - After / As a Result of

Used to show result.

Examples
He fainted with exhaustion.
She became famous with one song.
The plant died with lack of water.

17. With - Together in Action

Shows participation.

Examples
• Work with me on this project.
• She sang with the choir.
• Join with others to help the poor.

18. With -  Wearing / Carrying

Shows what someone is wearing or carrying.

Examples
A lady with a red scarf entered the room.
A man with a suitcase is waiting outside.
The boy with a cap is my brother.

19. With - According to / In Respect to

Used in formal English.

Examples
• With reference to your letter, I inform you…
• With respect to rules, he is very strict.
• With regard to safety, be careful.

All Possible Uses of the Preposition “BY”

The preposition “by” shows who does an action, how something is done, place near something, time limit, method, measurement, transport, authorship, and manner.

In Hindi, “by” is commonly translated as

द्वारा, के पास, से, तक, के अनुसार, के माध्यम से

1. By - Near / Beside (Place)

👉 Shows position close to something

Examples:
She is sitting by the window.
There is a tree by the river.
He stood by me.

2. By - Method / Means (How something is done)

👉 Shows method or process

Examples:
He earns money by teaching.
She solved the problem by thinking carefully.
You can learn English by practice.

3. By - Transport / Vehicle

👉 Shows mode of travel

Examples:
I go to school by bus.
She came by train.
They traveled by air.

4. By = Deadline / Time limit

👉 Means “not later than”

Examples:
Finish this work by Monday.
Please come by 10 a.m.
I will complete it by evening.

5. By - Manner / Way of behavior

👉 Shows how someone behaves

Examples:
He spoke by chance.
She won by luck.
I met him by accident.

6. By = Measurement / Difference / Amount

👉 Shows degree or difference

Examples:
He missed the train by two minutes.
Prices increased by 10 percent.
She won the race by one point.

7. By = Authorship / Creator

👉 Used for books, poems, paintings, songs

Examples:
This book is written by Shakespeare.
The poem was composed by Tagore.
The painting is made by a famous artist.

8. By - According to / Rule / Law

👉 Means as per rule

Examples:
By law, smoking is prohibited here.
By rule, students must wear uniforms.
By tradition, we touch elders’ feet.

9. By = Through / Via (Medium)

👉 Shows medium of communication

Examples:
Send the document by email.
I contacted him by phone.
She learned English by watching movies.

10. By - Step-by-step / One after another

👉 Used in expressions

Examples:
Step by step, he improved.
Day by day, she is getting better.
Little by little, he learned English.

11. By - Oath / Swearing

👉 Used while swearing

Examples:
I swear by God.
He promised by his honor.

12. By = Standard / Reference

👉 Used to judge or classify

Examples:
Judge the student by performance.
He is tall by Indian standards.

14. By = Passive Cause (Reason)

👉 Shows cause in passive

Examples:
He was shocked by the news.
She was frightened by the noise.

Common Fixed Phrases with BY

1. by chance

2. by hand

3. by heart

4. by mistake

5. by the way

6. by force

7. by all means

8. by and large