Introduction
A and AN are called indefinite articles. They are used before singular countable nouns when the noun is not specific or is mentioned for the first time. Though they look simple, their uses are wide and very important in English grammar.
What does mean indefinite?
Indefinite is used when we talk about a general or unknown person or thing, not a particular one.
Examples:
-
I saw a dog.
(Which dog? → Not known → indefinite) - She wants an umbrella.
(Which umbrella? → Not specific)
Indefinite vs Definite
-
Indefinite → general / unknown
Definite → specific / known
Example:
-
He bought a book. (any book – indefinite)
He bought the book. (a particular book – definite)
What are A and AN?
-
A and AN both mean “one”, but they are not numbers.
They are used with singular countable nouns only.
-
The choice between a and an depends on the sound, not the spelling.
With which type of noun can we use a or an?
a. Singular
It refers to one person or one thing.
-
a boy
an apple
b. Countable
Things that can be counted (one, two, three…).
-
a book
an umbrella
Where we CANNOT use A / AN
Plural nouns
-
❌ a books → ✔ books
- ❌ an apples → ✔ apples
Uncountable nouns
-
❌ a water → ✔ water
❌ an milk → ✔ milk
Proper nouns
-
❌ a India → ✔ India
❌ an Ram → ✔ Ram
Rule 1: Use A before a consonant sound
Use a when the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Examples:
- a boy — अ बॉय
- a book — अ बुक
- a teacher — अ टीचर
- a university — अ यूनिवर्सिटी (यू साउंड /juː/)
- a European country — अ यूरोपियन कंट्री
👉 Important: It is the sound, not the letter.
Rule 2: Use AN before a vowel sound
Use an when the next word starts with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u sounds).
Examples:
- an apple — एन एप्पल
- an umbrella — एन अम्ब्रेला
- an hour — एन आवर (h साइलेंट)
- an honest man — एन ऑनेस्ट मैन
- an MBA student — एन एम-बी-ए स्टूडेंट
Rule 3: Silent letters matter
Some words start with consonant letters but have silent sounds.
Use AN:
- an hour — एन आवर
- an honest person — एन ऑनेस्ट पर्सन
Use A:
- a hotel — अ होटल (h बोला जाता है)
- a history lesson — अ हिस्ट्री लेसन
Rule 4: With professions and jobs
Use a/an to talk about someone’s job or profession.
Examples:
-
She is a doctor.
He wants to become an engineer.
-
My father is a teacher.
Rule 5: With singular countable nouns (general meaning)
When talking about something in general, not specific.
Examples:
-
I saw a dog on the road.
She bought an umbrella.
-
He lives in a city.
Rule 6: With adjectives before nouns
The article depends on the sound of the adjective, not the noun.
Examples:
-
a beautiful girl
an intelligent boy
-
a useful idea
-
an old house
Rule 7: With numbers and measurements (per-unit sense)
-
₹50 a kilo
twice a week
-
60 km an hour
Rule 8: With collective nouns (singular sense)
- a team
- a family
- a group of students
Rule 9: With exclamatory sentences
Structure: What + a/an + adjective + noun
- What a beautiful flower!
- What an idea!
- What a mess!
Rule 10: A / AN are NOT used with:
- ❌ Plural nouns
- ❌ Uncountable nouns
- ❌ Proper nouns
Examples:
- ❌ a water → ✔ water
- ❌ an apples → ✔ apples
- ❌ a Delhi → ✔ Delhi
Difference Between A / AN and THE (Brief)
-
A / AN → first time, general
THE → specific, already known
Example:
-
I saw a dog.
The dog was very friendly.
What is THE?
“The” is called a Definite Article. It is used when we talk about a specific person, place, thing, or idea that is already known to the speaker and listener.
“The” को Definite Article कहा जाता है क्योंकि इसका प्रयोग किसी विशेष (specific) व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान के लिए किया जाता है।
1. Use of “THE” for a Known or Specific Noun
We use “the” when the noun we are talking about is specific or already known to the listener or reader. It points to something that both the speaker and listener can identify.
हम “the” का उपयोग तब करते हैं जब जिस संज्ञा (noun) के बारे में हम बात कर रहे हैं, वह विशेष या पहले से ज्ञात हो। यह उस चीज़ की ओर इशारा करता है जिसे बोलने वाला और सुनने वाला दोनों पहचान सकते हैं।
Example paragraph
Here, “the book” is specific — both the speaker and listener know which book is being referred to.
2. Use of “THE” with Unique Things
We use “the” before things that are one of their kind in the world because they are unique and there is only one of them. For example, we say “the sun”, “the moon”, and “the earth” because there is only one sun, one moon, and one earth. Using “the” tells the listener exactly which thing we are talking about.
हम “the” का प्रयोग उन चीज़ों के पहले करते हैं जो दुनिया में अद्वितीय (unique) हों और केवल एक ही हों। उदाहरण के लिए, हम कहते हैं “the sun” (सूर्य), “the moon” (चाँद) और “the earth” (पृथ्वी) क्योंकि केवल एक ही सूर्य, एक ही चाँद और एक ही पृथ्वी है। “the” का उपयोग करने से श्रोता को पता चलता है कि हम किस विशिष्ट चीज़ के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।
Examples:
The sun rises in the east.
सूरज पूर्व में उगता है।
The moon, the earth, the sky
3. Use of “THE” Before Superlative Degree
The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful monument in India. Its white marble shines in the sunlight, making it the most admired place by tourists. Among all the historical sites, it is the most famous and the most visited.
Examples:
He is the best student.
वह सबसे अच्छा छात्र है।
This is the tallest building.
यह सबसे ऊँची इमारत है।
4. Use of “THE” Before Ordinal Numbers
I live on the first floor of my building. Yesterday, I met my friend on the second floor, and we decided to visit our neighbor on the third floor. Each floor has its own unique rooms and decorations.
क्रमवाचक संख्या से पहले।
5. Use of “THE” with Specific Common Nouns
6. Use of “THE” Before Rivers, Seas, Oceans
We use “the” before the names of rivers, seas, and oceans because they are unique bodies of water. There is only one of each, so we need to make it clear which one we are talking about. For example: the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea. We do not use “the” with lakes or small rivers unless the name itself requires it.
हम “the” का उपयोग नदियों, समुद्रों और महासागरों के नाम के सामने करते हैं क्योंकि ये विशिष्ट जल निकाय होते हैं। हर एक का नाम अनोखा होता है, इसलिए यह स्पष्ट करना ज़रूरी है कि हम किसके बारे में बात कर रहे हैं। उदाहरण: the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea।
Examples:
-
I swam in the Ganga last summer.
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world.
-
Ships cross the Red Sea every day.
7. Use of “THE” Before Mountain Ranges & Island Groups
We use “the” before the names of mountain ranges and groups of islands because they are considered specific and unique collections of mountains or islands. For example, we say “the Himalayas”, “the Alps”, “the Andaman Islands”, and “the Maldives”. We do not use “the” for a single mountain or island, like “Mount Everest” or “Bali”. Using “the” shows that we are talking about the whole range or group, not just one part.
Examples:
-
She went trekking in the Himalayas.
The Maldives is famous for its beaches.
8. Use of “THE” Before Deserts, Forests, Gulfs
We use “the” before deserts, forests, and gulfs because these are specific natural places that are unique and known. For example, the Sahara Desert, the Amazon Forest, and the Persian Gulf refer to particular places in the world. Using “the” shows that we are talking about that specific desert, forest, or gulf, not just any desert, forest, or gulf in general.
हम “the” का उपयोग रेगिस्तान (deserts), जंगल (forests), और खाड़ी (gulfs) के पहले करते हैं क्योंकि ये विशिष्ट प्राकृतिक स्थान होते हैं जो दुनिया में अलग और प्रसिद्ध हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, the Sahara Desert (सहारा रेगिस्तान), the Amazon Forest (अमेज़न जंगल), और the Persian Gulf (फ़ारस की खाड़ी) किसी विशेष स्थान को दर्शाते हैं। “the” का उपयोग यह दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है कि हम किसी विशिष्ट रेगिस्तान, जंगल या खाड़ी के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं, न कि किसी भी सामान्य रेगिस्तान, जंगल या खाड़ी के बारे में।
Examples:
The Sahara Desert
The Thar Desert
The Amazon Forest
9. Use of “THE” Before Certain Country Names
We use “the” before the names of countries that have plural forms or include words like “kingdom,” “states,” “republic,” or “union.” This is because these names describe a group of regions, states, or people rather than a single entity.
हम “the” का उपयोग उन देशों के नाम के पहले करते हैं जिनका बहुवचन रूप होता है या जिनके नाम में “kingdom, states, republic, union” जैसे शब्द होते हैं। ऐसा इसलिए क्योंकि ये नाम किसी एक क्षेत्र या राज्य के बजाय कई राज्यों या लोगों के समूह का बोध कराते हैं।
Examples:
-
The United States
The United Kingdom
-
The Netherlands
-
The Philippines
10. Use of “THE” Before Holy Books
We use “the” before the names of holy books because they are unique and specific. Each holy book is a well-known, singular text, so “the” shows that we are talking about that particular book. For example, we say “the Bible”, “the Quran”, or “the Gita” to indicate that we are referring to those specific sacred texts, not just any book.
हम “the” का इस्तेमाल पवित्र पुस्तकों (holy books) के नाम से पहले इसलिए करते हैं क्योंकि ये विशिष्ट और अद्वितीय होती हैं। प्रत्येक पवित्र पुस्तक एक जानी-पहचानी, एकमात्र ग्रंथ है, इसलिए “the” यह दर्शाता है कि हम उसी विशेष पुस्तक की बात कर रहे हैं, किसी भी सामान्य किताब की नहीं।
Example sentences:
-
I read the Quran last night.
-
The Bible teaches love and kindness.
-
He studied the Gita carefully.
11. Use of “THE” Before Newspapers
12. Use of “THE” Before Famous Buildings & Monuments
13. Use of “THE” Before Musical Instruments
We use “the” before the names of musical instruments when we talk about playing them in a general sense. This is because the instrument is treated as a class or type, not one specific instrument. The verb play is most commonly used with musical instruments. For example, we say She plays the piano or He is learning the guitar. Here, “the” does not point to a particular piano or guitar; it refers to the instrument as a musical category.
जब हम musical instruments (वाद्य यंत्रों) के बारे में सामान्य रूप से बात करते हैं और उन्हें बजाने की क्रिया बताते हैं, तो हम उनके पहले “the” का प्रयोग करते हैं। ऐसा इसलिए होता है क्योंकि यहाँ वाद्य यंत्र को किसी विशेष वस्तु के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि उसकी पूरी जाति या प्रकार के रूप में माना जाता है। इसलिए हम कहते हैं She plays the piano या He is learning the guitar। यहाँ “the” किसी खास पियानो या गिटार की ओर संकेत नहीं करता, बल्कि उस वाद्य यंत्र के सामान्य अर्थ को दर्शाता है।
Examples:
She plays the piano.
वह पियानो बजाती है।
He can play the guitar.
वह गिटार बजा सकता है।
14. Use of “THE” + Adjective (Whole Class)
We use “the + adjective” to talk about a whole class or group of people who share the same quality. In this structure, the adjective does not describe one person; instead, it represents all people of that type, and the meaning is plural. Such expressions are commonly used to talk about social groups or conditions. For example, the rich means rich people, the poor means poor people, and the blind means blind people. We do not add -s to the adjective, but the verb used after it is plural.
Structure: the + adjective
Examples:
The rich should help the poor.
अमीरों को गरीबों की मदद करनी चाहिए।
The blind need support.
अंधों को सहायता चाहिए।
15. Use of “THE” in Comparative Structure
We use “the” in comparative structures to show that a change in one thing causes a change in another. This structure is formed as “the + comparative, the + comparative.” It expresses a proportional relationship. For example: The more you practice, the better you become. Here, an increase in practice results in improvement. Similarly, The harder you work, the more success you achieve. This structure is commonly used to show cause-and-effect or parallel increase/decrease.
Structure: the + comparative, the + comparative
Examples:
The more you read, the more you learn.
जितना अधिक पढ़ोगे, उतना अधिक सीखोगे।
16. Use of “THE” Before Directions
We use “the” before directions when they refer to a specific or fixed direction on the map or to a particular region. Directions like the east, the west, the north, and the south are treated as definite nouns because they point to known areas. For example, The sun rises in the east and He lives in the north of India. Here, “the” shows that the direction is definite and commonly understood.
Examples:
The sun rises in the east.
सूरज पूर्व में उगता है।
He lives in the north.
वह उत्तर में रहता है।
17. Use of “THE” Before Family Names (Plural)
We use “the” before a family name in its plural form to refer to the whole family together, not one individual. It shows that we are talking about all the members of that family as a group. For example, the Sharmas means all members of the Sharma family, and the Smiths refers to the entire Smith family living together or known as a unit.
Examples:
The Sharmas are kind people.
शर्मा परिवार अच्छे लोग हैं।
18. Use of “THE” with Institutions (Specific Meaning)
Examples:
He went to the hospital to meet his friend.
वह अपने दोस्त से मिलने अस्पताल गया।
She is in the office.
वह ऑफिस में है।
19. Use of “THE” with Time Periods
We use “the” with time periods when we are talking about a specific, definite, or particular period of time, not time in general. It is commonly used with parts of the day, centuries, decades, historical periods, and fixed time expressions when the listener clearly knows which time is being referred to. Examples include the morning, the evening, the 18th century, the 1990s, and the medieval period. Here, “the” shows that the time period is definite and already identified.
“The” का प्रयोग समय की निश्चित या विशेष अवधि के साथ किया जाता है, जब हम सामान्य समय की नहीं बल्कि किसी खास समय की बात कर रहे होते हैं। इसका प्रयोग दिन के भागों, शताब्दियों, दशकों, ऐतिहासिक काल और निश्चित समय अभिव्यक्तियों के साथ होता है, जैसे the morning, the evening, the 18th century, the 1990s, और the medieval period। यहाँ “the” यह दर्शाता है कि समय की वह अवधि स्पष्ट और निश्चित है।
20. Use of “THE” Before Titles with “OF”
We use “the” before titles when they are followed by “of” because such titles refer to a specific post or position held by one particular person. The phrase after “of” clearly defines and limits the title, making it definite. Therefore, articles like President, Prime Minister, Head, King, etc., take “the” when followed by “of + place/organization”, for example: the President of India, the Prime Minister of England, the Head of the Department.
21. Use of “THE” with Abstract Nouns (Specific Sense)
We use “the” with abstract nouns when they are used in a specific or particular sense, not in a general meaning. When an abstract noun refers to a definite situation, quality, or feeling already known or clearly mentioned, it becomes specific, so we use “the.” For example, in the sentence “The honesty of the teacher impressed everyone,” the word honesty refers to the particular honesty of that teacher, not honesty in general. Similarly, “The beauty of the Taj Mahal is unforgettable” talks about a specific beauty, so “the” is required.
जब Abstract Nouns (भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ) को किसी विशेष या निश्चित अर्थ में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तब उनके साथ “the” का प्रयोग होता है। यदि भाववाचक संज्ञा किसी खास व्यक्ति, वस्तु या परिस्थिति से जुड़ी हुई हो, तो वह सामान्य नहीं रहती, बल्कि विशेष (specific) हो जाती है। जैसे— “The honesty of the teacher impressed everyone” में honesty उस शिक्षक की विशेष ईमानदारी को दर्शा रही है, इसलिए “the” का प्रयोग हुआ है। इसी तरह “The beauty of the Taj Mahal” में ताजमहल की विशेष सुंदरता की बात हो रही है।
22. Use of “THE” Before Inventions
We use “the” before inventions because an invention usually represents a class of machines or devices as a whole, not one individual item. It refers to the invention in a general and definite sense, especially when we talk about its impact, history, or importance. Therefore, “the” is used to show that the listener knows which invention we mean.
Examples:
- The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
- The computer has changed the modern world.
- The internet connects people globally.
हम आविष्कारों (inventions) से पहले “the” का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि आविष्कार किसी एक वस्तु के लिए नहीं, बल्कि पूरे वर्ग या प्रकार के लिए बोले जाते हैं। जब हम किसी आविष्कार के इतिहास, प्रभाव या महत्व की बात करते हैं, तो वह निश्चित (definite) अर्थ में होता है, इसलिए “the” का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
23. Use of “THE” Before Specific Meals
We use “the” before meals when we are talking about a specific or particular meal, not meals in general. It is used when the meal is already known to the listener, or when it is defined by time, place, or situation. For example, “The dinner we had yesterday was delicious” or “The lunch is ready.” Here, “the” shows that the speaker is referring to one definite meal.
हम “the” का प्रयोग भोजन के नामों से पहले तब करते हैं जब हम किसी विशेष या निश्चित भोजन की बात कर रहे हों, सामान्य भोजन की नहीं। जब भोजन समय, स्थान या स्थिति से स्पष्ट हो, तब “the” लगाया जाता है। जैसे, “The dinner we had yesterday was delicious” या “The lunch is ready.” यहाँ “the” यह दर्शाता है कि वक्ता किसी खास भोजन के बारे में बात कर रहा है।
24. Use of “THE” Before Only, Same, Very
We use “the” before only, same, and very to show uniqueness, exactness, or emphasis. “Only” indicates that there is just one option, “same” shows that two or more things are identical, and “very” is used to emphasize a particular noun or place. In all these cases, “the” makes the noun definite and specific.
Examples:
- This is the only solution.
- We are studying in the same class.
- This is the very house where he was born.
Only, Same और Very से पहले “the” का प्रयोग एकमात्रता, समानता और विशेष ज़ोर (emphasis) दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है। Only का अर्थ होता है “केवल एक”, Same समानता दर्शाता है और Very किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु पर विशेष बल देता है। इन स्थितियों में “the” संज्ञा को निश्चित और विशेष बनाता है।
25. Use of “THE” with Parts of Body (With Prepositions)
- He was hit on the head.
- She grabbed him by the arm.
- The doctor examined him in the leg.
जब शरीर के अंगों का प्रयोग किसी preposition (जैसे on, in, by, at) के साथ किया जाता है और वह अंग किसी विशेष व्यक्ति से संबंधित होता है, तब अंग्रेज़ी में possessive adjective (my, his, her) की जगह “the” का प्रयोग किया जाता है। यह प्रयोग अक्सर चोट, पकड़ने या शारीरिक क्रिया दर्शाने वाली क्रियाओं के साथ होता है।

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