Pronoun

 

Pronoun – Definition (English | Hindi)

A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition and to make sentences smoother and clearer.

सर्वनाम वह शब्द होता है जो संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जाता है, ताकि बार-बार संज्ञा को दोहराने से बचा जा सके और वाक्य सरल व स्पष्ट बने।

Example: 

Amit was a hardworking teacher. Amit loved teaching English. Amit helped Amit’s students every day. One day, Amit realized repetition sounded awkward, so he used pronouns. He improved his language. Now he teaches confidently, and his students understand him better.

What happened here?

1. Amit - he

2. Amit’s - his

3. Amit - him

The pronouns stopped repetition and made the story natural.

The main types of pronouns are:

1. Personal Pronoun

2. Interrogative Pronoun

3. Relative Pronoun

4. Demonstrative Pronoun

5. Distributive Pronoun

6. Indefinite Pronoun

7. Reflexive Pronoun

8. Reciprocal Pronoun

9. Emphatic Pronouns

1. Personal Pronoun

What is a Personal Pronoun?

A personal pronoun refers to a specific person, place, animal, or thing.

एक व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम (Personal Pronoun) किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करता है।

Types of Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are divided into three persons:

• First person (speaker)

• Second person (listener)

• Third person (other person or thing)

What is a Subject?

The subject is the person, animal, place, or thing that does the action or about whom the sentence is spoken.

Hindi definition:

Subject वह होता है जो काम करता है या जिसके बारे में वाक्य में बताया जाता है। Subject को हिंदी में कर्ता कहते हैं।

Example 1:
Ram is running.
राम दौड़ रहा है।

Explanation:
"Ram" is the subject because Ram is doing the action of running.

Example 2:
The dog is barking.
कुत्ता भौंक रहा है।

Explanation:
"The dog" is the subject because the dog is doing the action.

Example 3:
I am a teacher.
मैं एक शिक्षक हूँ।

"I" is the subject because the sentence is about "I".

What is a Subjective Pronoun?

A subjective pronoun is a pronoun that is used as the subject of the sentence.

Hindi definition:
Subjective pronoun वह pronoun होता है जो sentence में subject (कर्ता) के रूप में प्रयोग होता है।

Subjective pronouns are:
I, We, You, He, She, It, They

Ram is a teacher. He is a teacher.
राम एक शिक्षक है। वह एक शिक्षक है।

Here "Ram" is subject (noun). "He" is a pronoun because it replaces a person. Like, He replaces noun Ram.

Object क्या होता है? (What is Object?)

Object (कर्म) वह होता है जिस पर subject (कर्ता) का action (क्रिया) होता है।

Simple definition in Hindi:
Object वह होता है जो क्रिया को प्राप्त करता है।

English definition:
Object is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb.

Example 1

Ram hit Shyam.
राम ने श्याम को मारा।

Explanation in Hindi:

Ram = subject (कर्ता) → action कर रहा है
hit = verb (क्रिया) → मारने की क्रिया
Shyam = object (कर्म) → जिस पर action हुआ

यहाँ मार किसे पड़ी?
श्याम को।

इसलिए Shyam object है।

Example 2

I called Amit.
मैंने अमित को बुलाया।

Explanation:

मैंने action किया → subject = I
किसे बुलाया? → अमित को
इसलिए Amit = object

अब समझते हैं Objective Pronoun क्या होता है| जब object की जगह pronoun आता है, उसे objective pronoun कहते हैं।

Example:

I called Amit. ❌ (noun as object)
I called him. ✅ (objective pronoun)

मैंने अमित को बुलाया।
मैंने उसे बुलाया।

"him" objective pronoun है क्योंकि यह object की जगह आया है।

Example:

I helped them.
मैंने उनकी मदद की।

मदद किसे मिली?
them (उन्हें)

इसलिए them objective pronoun है।

1. I (subjective pronoun) and Me (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (I):
I teach students.
मैं छात्रों को पढ़ाता हूँ।

Explanation:
"I" is a subjective pronoun because it is the subject. "I" is doing the action of teaching.

Example of objective pronoun (Me):
He called me.
उसने मुझे बुलाया।

Explanation:
"Me" is an objective pronoun because it is receiving the action. Someone called "me".

2. We (subjective pronoun) and Us (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (We):
We are happy.
हम खुश हैं।

Explanation:
"We" is a subjective pronoun because "we" are the subject.

Example of objective pronoun (Us):
She helped us.
उसने हमारी मदद की।

Explanation:
"Us" is an objective pronoun because it is receiving help.

3. You (subjective pronoun) and You (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (You):
You are my friend.
तुम मेरे दोस्त हो।

Explanation:
"You" is subjective because it is the subject.

Example of objective pronoun (You):
I respect you.
मैं तुम्हारा सम्मान करता हूँ।

Explanation:
"You" is objective because it is receiving respect.

Note: "You" looks same but function changes.

4. He (subjective pronoun) and Him (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (He):
He is my brother.
वह मेरा भाई है।

Explanation:
"He" is subjective because he is the subject.

Example of objective pronoun (Him):
I saw him.
मैंने उसे देखा।

Explanation:
"Him" is objective because he is receiving the action of seeing.

5. She (subjective pronoun) and Her (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (She):
She is singing.
वह गाना गा रही है।

Explanation:
"She" is subjective because she is doing the action.

Example of objective pronoun (Her):
I called her.
मैंने उसे बुलाया।

Explanation:
"Her" is objective because she is receiving the call.

6. It (subjective pronoun) and It (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (It):
It is a dog.
यह एक कुत्ता है।

Explanation:
"It" is subjective because it is the subject.

Example of objective pronoun (It):
I kicked it.
मैंने उसे लात मारी।

Explanation:
"It" is objective because it is receiving the action.

7. They (subjective pronoun) and Them (objective pronoun)

Example of subjective pronoun (They):
They are playing.
वे खेल रहे हैं।

Explanation:
"They" is subjective because they are doing the action.

Example of objective pronoun (Them):
I invited them.
मैंने उन्हें आमंत्रित किया।

Explanation:
"Them" is objective because they are receiving the invitation.

Possessive Adjective (स्वत्व बोधक विशेषण)

A possessive adjective is used before a noun to show ownership.

Structure:
Possessive adjective + noun

Examples in English and Hindi:

My book is on the table.
मेरी किताब मेज़ पर है।

Explanation:
"My" is a possessive adjective because it is describing the noun "book".

His car is new.
उसकी गाड़ी नई है।

Explanation:
"His" is a possessive adjective because it is used before the noun "car".

Their house is big.
उनका घर बड़ा है।

Explanation:
"Their" is a possessive adjective because it describes "house".

Possessive adjectives list:

My – मेरा / मेरी / मेरे, Your – तुम्हारा / आपका, His – उसका, Her – उसकी, Its – इसका, Our – हमारा, Their – उनका

Possessive Pronoun (स्वत्व बोधक सर्वनाम)

A possessive pronoun replaces the noun and shows ownership. It is used without a noun.

Examples in English and Hindi:

This book is mine.
यह किताब मेरी है।

Explanation:
"Mine" is a possessive pronoun because it replaces "my book".

This car is his.
यह गाड़ी उसकी है।

Explanation:
"His" is a possessive pronoun because it replaces "his car".

This house is theirs.
यह घर उनका है।

Explanation:
"Theirs" replaces "their house".

Possessive pronouns list:

Mine – मेरा / मेरी, Yours – तुम्हारा / आपका, His – उसका, Hers – उसकी, Its – इसका (rarely used), Ours – हमारा, Theirs – उनका

Very easy trick to remember

If noun is present → possessive adjective
If noun is absent → possessive pronoun

Example:

This is my pen. (pen present → adjective)

This pen is mine. (pen absent after mine → pronoun)

2. Interrogative Pronoun

What is an Interrogative Pronoun?

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. It refers to something unknown noun.

एक Interrogative Pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम) का प्रयोग प्रश्न पूछने के लिए किया जाता है। यह किसी अज्ञात व्यक्ति, वस्तु या बात की ओर संकेत करता है।

Common interrogative pronouns: Who, whom, whose, what, which

Examples:

1. Who is knocking at the door?
   दरवाज़े पर कौन दस्तक दे रहा है?

2. Whom did you meet yesterday?
   तुम कल किससे मिले थे?

3. Whose book is this?
   यह किसकी किताब है?

4. What is your name?
   तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?

5. Which is your favorite subject?
   तुम्हारा पसंदीदा विषय कौन सा है?

6. Who taught you English?
   तुम्हें अंग्रेज़ी किसने सिखाई?

7. Whom should I call now?
   मुझे अब किसे बुलाना चाहिए?

8. What happened here?
   यहाँ क्या हुआ?

9. Which of these is correct?
   इनमें से कौन सा सही है?

10. Whose idea was this?
    यह किसका विचार था?

3. Relative Pronoun

What is a Relative Pronoun?

A relative pronoun connects a noun with a clause and gives more information about the noun.

Relative Pronoun किसी noun (संज्ञा) को एक clause (उपवाक्य) से जोड़ता है और उस noun के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी देता है

Common relative pronouns: Who, whom, whose, which, that

1. Examples:

1. This is the boy who won the prize.
   यह वह लड़का है जिसने पुरस्कार जीता।

2. The teacher whom we respect is here.
   वह शिक्षक यहाँ है जिसका हम सम्मान करते हैं।

3. I know the man whose wallet was lost.
   मैं उस आदमी को जानता हूँ जिसका बटुआ खो गया था।

4. This is the book which I bought yesterday.
   यह वह किताब है जिसे मैंने कल खरीदा।

5. She is the girl that topped the class.
   वह वह लड़की है जिसने कक्षा में प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त किया।

6. The car which is parked outside is mine.
   वह गाड़ी जो बाहर खड़ी है मेरी है।

7. He is a person who helps others.
   वह एक व्यक्ति है जो दूसरों की मदद करता है।

8. The student whose result improved is happy.
   वह छात्र खुश है जिसका परिणाम सुधर गया।

9. This is the pen that I lost.
   यह वह पेन है जिसे मैंने खो दिया था।

10. I met a woman who speaks French.
    मैं एक ऐसी महिला से मिला जो फ्रेंच बोलती है।

Important Notes (Very Useful for Students)

1. Who / Whom - only for people

2. Which - for animals and things

3. That - for people, animals, and things (most common)

4. Whose - shows possession

5. Where, When, Why - used with place, time, and reason

6. What - used without a noun before it

4. Demonstrative Pronoun

What is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specific person or thing.

एक संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम (Demonstrative Pronoun) का प्रयोग किसी विशेष व्यक्ति या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करने के लिए किया जाता है।

Common demonstrative pronouns: This, that, these, those

Examples:

1. This is my house.

2. That was a wonderful movie.

3. These are my books.

4. Those are your shoes.

5. This looks expensive.

6. That is not true.

7. These are very useful.

8. Those were difficult days.

9. This is what I wanted.

10. Those are the rules.

5. Distributive Pronoun

What is a Distributive Pronoun?

A distributive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to persons or things one at a time (individually), not as a group.

Distributive pronoun वह pronoun होता है जो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को समूह में नहीं बल्कि एक-एक करके अलग-अलग दर्शाता है।

The main distributive pronouns are:

Each, Each one, Either, Either one, Neither, Neither one

1. Each

Meaning: Every one individually from a group (more than two)

Example:
Each is responsible for his work.
प्रत्येक अपने काम के लिए जिम्मेदार है।

Explanation:
"Each" is a distributive pronoun because it refers to every person individually.

Another example:
Each of the boys is honest.
प्रत्येक लड़का ईमानदार है।

Focus: Individual person in a group.

2. Each one

Meaning: Same as "each", but more specific and stronger emphasis on individuality.

Example:
Each one is important.
प्रत्येक एक महत्वपूर्ण है।

Explanation:
"Each one" emphasizes every single individual clearly.

Difference between "each" and "each one":

Each is important. → general
Each one is important. → more specific and emphatic

Both are distributive pronouns.

3. Either

Meaning: One of the two persons or things

Used only for two.

Example:
Either is correct.
दोनों में से कोई एक सही है।

Explanation:
"Either" refers to one of two options individually.

Another example:
You can take either.
तुम दोनों में से कोई एक ले सकते हो।

It focuses on one option from two.

4. Either one

Meaning: Same as "either", but clearer and more specific.

Example:
Either one will help you.
दोनों में से कोई एक तुम्हारी मदद करेगा।

Explanation:
"Either one" emphasizes one person or thing out of two.

Difference between either and either one:

Either is fine. → general
Either one is fine. → more clear and emphatic

5. Neither

Meaning: Not one and not the other (from two)

Example:
Neither is ready.
दोनों में से कोई भी तैयार नहीं है।

Explanation:
"Neither" refers to zero out of two persons or things.

Another example:
Neither was present.
दोनों में से कोई उपस्थित नहीं था।

6. Neither one

Meaning: Same as "neither", but more specific and emphatic.

Example:
Neither one helped me.
दोनों में से किसी ने मेरी मदद नहीं की।

Explanation:
It clearly emphasizes that not even one helped.

Difference between neither and neither one:

Neither is correct. → general
Neither one is correct. → stronger emphasis

More Examples:

1. Each of the students was rewarded.
   प्रत्येक छात्र को पुरस्कृत किया गया।

2. Either of the two roads leads to the village.
   दोनों में से कोई एक सड़क गाँव की ओर जाती है।

3. Neither of the answers is correct.
   दोनों में से कोई भी उत्तर सही नहीं है।

4. Each must do his duty.
   प्रत्येक को अपना कर्तव्य करना चाहिए।

5. Either option is acceptable.
   दोनों में से कोई एक विकल्प स्वीकार्य है।

6. Neither boy was present.
   दोनों में से कोई भी लड़का उपस्थित नहीं था।

7. Each of us tried our best.
   हममें से प्रत्येक ने अपना सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रयास किया।

8. Either side can win the match.
   दोनों में से कोई एक पक्ष मैच जीत सकता है।

9. Neither of them agreed.
   उन दोनों में से कोई भी सहमत नहीं हुआ।

10. Each one deserves respect.
    प्रत्येक व्यक्ति सम्मान का हकदार है।

Common Mistakes (Avoid ❌)

❌ Each students are late.
✔️ Each student is late.

❌ Neither of the answers are correct.
✔️ Neither of the answers is correct.

6. Indefinite Pronoun

What is an Indefinite Pronoun?

An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things not definite or not specific.

अनिश्चित सर्वनाम ऐसे व्यक्ति या वस्तु को संदर्भित करता है जो निश्चित या विशेष नहीं होते हैं।

Common indefinite pronouns: Someone, someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, something, nothing, all, many, few

1. Some, Someone, Something, Somebody

Some
Meaning: some amount or some number (कुछ)
Example:
Some students are absent.
कुछ छात्र अनुपस्थित हैं।
Explanation: "Some" refers to an indefinite number of students.

Someone
Meaning: some person (कोई व्यक्ति)
Example:
Someone is calling you.
कोई तुम्हें बुला रहा है।
Explanation: Person is not specific.

Somebody
Meaning: some person (कोई व्यक्ति)
Example:
Somebody helped me.
किसी ने मेरी मदद की।
Explanation: Unknown person.

Something
Meaning: some thing (कोई वस्तु)
Example:
I need something to eat.
मुझे खाने के लिए कुछ चाहिए।
Explanation: Thing is not specific.

2. Any, Anyone, Anything, Anybody

Any
Meaning: any amount or any number (कोई भी)
Example:
You can ask any question.
तुम कोई भी प्रश्न पूछ सकते हो।

Anyone
Meaning: any person (कोई भी व्यक्ति)
Example:
Anyone can learn English.
कोई भी अंग्रेज़ी सीख सकता है।

Anybody
Meaning: any person (कोई भी व्यक्ति)
Example:
Anybody can do this work.
कोई भी यह काम कर सकता है।

Anything
Meaning: any thing (कोई भी वस्तु)
Example:
You can take anything.
तुम कोई भी चीज़ ले सकते हो।

3. No one, Nothing, Nobody

No one
Meaning: no person (कोई नहीं)
Example:
No one was there.
वहाँ कोई नहीं था।

Nobody
Meaning: no person (कोई नहीं)
Example:
Nobody helped him.
किसी ने उसकी मदद नहीं की।

Nothing
Meaning: no thing (कुछ नहीं)
Example:
I know nothing.
मैं कुछ नहीं जानता।

4. Somewhere, Anywhere, Nowhere

Somewhere
Meaning: some place (कहीं)
Example:
He is somewhere in the city.
वह शहर में कहीं है।

Anywhere
Meaning: any place (कहीं भी)
Example:
You can sit anywhere.
तुम कहीं भी बैठ सकते हो।

Nowhere
Meaning: no place (कहीं नहीं)
Example:
He went nowhere.
वह कहीं नहीं गया।

5. Everyone, Everybody, Everything, Everywhere

Everyone
Meaning: all people (हर कोई)
Example:
Everyone is happy.
हर कोई खुश है।

Everybody
Meaning: all people (हर कोई)
Example:
Everybody loves music.
हर कोई संगीत पसंद करता है।

Everything
Meaning: all things (सब कुछ)
Example:
Everything is ready.
सब कुछ तैयार है।

Everywhere
Meaning: all places (हर जगह)
Example:
Flowers are everywhere.
फूल हर जगह हैं।

6. One and Ones

One
Meaning: one person or thing (कोई एक)
Example:
One of my friends is here.
मेरा एक दोस्त यहाँ है।

Ones
Meaning: plural of one (वाले)
Example:
I like the red ones.
मुझे लाल वाले पसंद हैं।

7. All, Many, Much

All
Meaning: everything or everyone (सब)
Example:
All are welcome.
सभी का स्वागत है।

Many
Meaning: large number (बहुत से)
Example:
Many were absent.
बहुत से अनुपस्थित थे।

Much
Meaning: large amount (बहुत अधिक)
Example:
Much has changed.
बहुत कुछ बदल गया है।

8. Few, Little, Several

Few
Meaning: small number (कुछ, कम)
Example:
Few understood the lesson.
कुछ ही पाठ समझ पाए।

Little
Meaning: small amount (थोड़ा)
Example:
Little is known about him.
उसके बारे में थोड़ा ही पता है।

Several
Meaning: more than few but not many (कई)
Example:
Several came late.
कई लोग देर से आए।

7. Reflexive Pronoun

What is a Reflexive Pronoun?

A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and object are the same. Reflexive pronouns are always related to object position, but they refer back to the subject.

एक reflexive pronoun (स्वयंवाचक सर्वनाम) तब उपयोग किया जाता है जब क्रिया का कर्ता (subject) और कर्म (object) एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु होते हैं।

Common reflexive pronouns: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

1. Myself

Subject pronoun: I
Object pronoun: me
Reflexive pronoun: myself

Example:
English: I taught myself English.
Hindi: मैंने खुद को अंग्रेज़ी सिखाई।

Explanation:
"I" is the subject.
"Myself" is the object reflexive pronoun because the speaker is teaching his own self.

2. Yourself

Subject pronoun: you
Object pronoun: you
Reflexive pronoun: yourself

Example:
English: You hurt yourself.
Hindi: तुमने खुद को चोट पहुँचाई।

Explanation:
"You" is subject.
"Yourself" is object reflexive pronoun because the listener hurt his own self.

3. Himself

Subject pronoun: he
Object pronoun: him
Reflexive pronoun: himself

Example:
English: He blamed himself.
Hindi: उसने खुद को दोष दिया।

Explanation:
"He" is subject.
"Himself" is object reflexive pronoun because he blamed his own self.

4. Herself

Subject pronoun: she
Object pronoun: her
Reflexive pronoun: herself

Example:
English: She prepared herself for the exam.
Hindi: उसने खुद को परीक्षा के लिए तैयार किया।

Explanation:
"She" is subject.
"Herself" is object reflexive pronoun because she prepared her own self.

5. Itself

Subject pronoun: it
Object pronoun: it
Reflexive pronoun: itself

Example:
English: The dog cleaned itself.
Hindi: कुत्ते ने खुद को साफ किया।

Explanation:
"The dog" is subject (it).
"Itself" is object reflexive pronoun because the dog cleaned its own self.

6. Ourselves

Subject pronoun: we
Object pronoun: us
Reflexive pronoun: ourselves

Example:
English: We helped ourselves.
Hindi: हमने खुद की मदद की।

Explanation:
"We" is subject.
"Ourselves" is object reflexive pronoun because we helped our own selves.

7. Yourselves

Subject pronoun: you
Object pronoun: you
Reflexive pronoun: yourselves

Example:
English: You taught yourselves English.
Hindi: तुमने खुद को अंग्रेज़ी सिखाई।

Explanation:
"You" is subject.
"Yourselves" is object reflexive pronoun because listeners taught their own selves.

8. Themselves

Subject pronoun: they
Object pronoun: them
Reflexive pronoun: themselves

Example:
English: They introduced themselves.
Hindi: उन्होंने अपना परिचय खुद दिया।

Explanation:
"They" is subject.
"Themselves" is object reflexive pronoun because they introduced their own selves.

8. Reciprocal Pronoun

What is a Reciprocal Pronoun?

A reciprocal pronoun shows mutual action or relationship between two or more persons.

एक पारस्परिक सर्वनाम (Reciprocal Pronoun) दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों के बीच आपसी क्रिया या संबंध को दर्शाता है।

Common reciprocal pronouns: Each other, one another

There are only two reciprocal pronouns in English:

1. Each other

2. One another

A reciprocal pronoun is always used when two or more people do the same action to each other mutually.

Important point:

Reciprocal pronouns are always objective pronouns, never subjective pronouns. This means they are used as the object of the verb, not the subject.

Now I will explain both with examples in English and Hindi and also explain why they are objective.

1. Each other

Meaning in Hindi: एक-दूसरे को / एक-दूसरे से / एक-दूसरे का

It is usually used when talking about two persons, although in modern English it can also be used for more than two.

Example 1

English: Ram and Shyam help each other.
Hindi: राम और श्याम एक-दूसरे की मदद करते हैं।

Explanation:
Ram and Shyam are the subject.
"Each other" receives the action "help".

Ram helps Shyam and Shyam helps Ram.

So each other is an objective reciprocal pronoun because it is the object of the verb "help".

Example 2

English: They love each other.
Hindi: वे एक-दूसरे से प्यार करते हैं।

Explanation:
"They" is subject.
"Each other" is object.

The action "love" goes to each other.

So it is objective.

Example 3

English: We respect each other.
Hindi: हम एक-दूसरे का सम्मान करते हैं।

Explanation:
"We" = subject
"Each other" = object

The action goes to each other.

So it is objective.

2. One another

Meaning in Hindi: एक-दूसरे को / परस्पर / एक-दूसरे का

Traditionally used for more than two persons, but now both can be used interchangeably.

Example 1

English: The students help one another.
Hindi: छात्र एक-दूसरे की मदद करते हैं।

Explanation:
"The students" is subject.
"One another" receives the action.

So it is objective.

Example 2

English: They support one another.
Hindi: वे एक-दूसरे का समर्थन करते हैं।

Explanation:
"They" = subject
"One another" = object

So objective pronoun.

Example 3

English: The players congratulated one another.
Hindi: खिलाड़ियों ने एक-दूसरे को बधाई दी।

Explanation:
"The players" = subject
"One another" = object

So objective pronoun.

Why reciprocal pronouns are objective and not subjective

Subjective pronouns perform the action
Example: I, he, she, they

Objective pronouns receive the action
Example: me, him, her, them

Reciprocal pronouns always receive the action mutually.

Example:
They help each other.

"They" is doing the action.
"Each other" is receiving the action.

So reciprocal pronouns are always objective.

Important rule (very important)

Reciprocal pronouns NEVER come as subject.

❌ Wrong: Each other help Ram.
✔ Correct: Ram and Shyam help each other.

Because reciprocal pronoun cannot perform action. It only receives action mutually.

Final quick summary

Reciprocal pronouns are:

Each other → एक-दूसरे
One another → एक-दूसरे

Both are always objective pronouns because they receive the action mutually.

9. Emphatic Pronouns

Used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, always ends with -self / -selves. (It is similar to reflexive, but only for emphasis, not action)

सर्वनाम) पर ज़ोर देने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है, हमेशा -self / -selves पर समाप्त होता है। (यह reflexive pronoun जैसा है, लेकिन केवल जोर देने के लिए होता है, क्रिया करने के लिए नहीं।)

An emphatic pronoun is used to emphasize (जोर देने के लिए) a noun or pronoun. It shows that that particular person or thing and no one else did the action.

Formula:
Subject + emphatic pronoun + verb + object

Example:
I myself completed the work.
मैंने स्वयं काम पूरा किया।

“Myself” emphasizes that I and no one else did it.

Myself (मैं स्वयं / मैंने खुद)

Example:
I myself cleaned the room.
मैंने स्वयं कमरे की सफाई की।

Explanation:
“Myself” emphasizes that I personally did it, not anyone else.

Yourself (तुम स्वयं / आपने खुद)

Example:
You yourself solved the problem.
तुमने स्वयं समस्या हल की।

Explanation:
“Yourself” emphasizes that you personally solved it.

Himself (उसने स्वयं)

Example:
He himself fixed the computer.
उसने स्वयं कंप्यूटर ठीक किया।

Explanation:
“Himself” emphasizes that he personally did the work.

Herself (उसने स्वयं — स्त्री)

Example:
She herself opened the door.
उसने स्वयं दरवाजा खोला।

Explanation:
“Herself” emphasizes that she personally did the action.

Itself (उसने स्वयं — वस्तु / जानवर)

Example:
The dog itself opened the gate.
कुत्ते ने स्वयं गेट खोला।

Explanation:
“Itself” emphasizes that the animal did it on its own.

Ourselves (हमने स्वयं)

Example:
We ourselves completed the project.
हमने स्वयं परियोजना पूरी की।

Explanation:
“Ourselves” emphasizes that we personally did it.

Yourselves (तुम लोगों ने स्वयं / आप लोगों ने स्वयं)

Example:
You yourselves made this mistake.
तुम लोगों ने स्वयं यह गलती की।

Explanation:
“Yourselves” emphasizes that you personally did it.

Themselves (उन्होंने स्वयं)

Example:
They themselves built the house.
उन्होंने स्वयं घर बनाया।

Explanation:
“Themselves” emphasizes that they personally did it.

Key Point to understand emphatic pronoun

Remove emphatic pronoun, sentence still makes complete sense:

I cleaned the room. ✔
I myself cleaned the room. ✔ (emphasis added)

Hindi:
मैंने कमरा साफ किया। ✔
मैंने स्वयं कमरा साफ किया। ✔ (जोर दिया गया)

Common Mistakes and FAQs for All Pronouns

1. Subject Pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, We, They)

Common Mistake 1:

❌ Me am ready.
✅ I am ready.

👉 Rule: Always use subject pronoun before verb

Common Mistake 2:

❌ Him is my friend.
✅ He is my friend.

👉 Use he, not him, as subject.

FAQ:

Q: Can we say "Me and Rohan are friends"?
❌ Incorrect
✅ Correct: Rohan and I are friends.

2. Object Pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them)

Common Mistake 1:

❌ She gave I a pen.
✅ She gave me a pen.

👉 Use object pronoun after verb.

Common Mistake 2:

❌ Teacher called we.
✅ Teacher called us.

FAQ:

Q: When do we use "me"?
👉 When pronoun receives action.

Example:
He helped me.

3. Possessive Pronouns (Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Theirs)

Common Mistake 1:

❌ This is my book. This book is my.
✅ This book is mine.

Common Mistake 2:

❌ This is her pen. This pen is her.
✅ This pen is hers.

FAQ:

Q: Difference between MY and MINE?

MY → used before noun
Example: My book

MINE → used alone
Example: This book is mine

4. Possessive Adjectives (My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their)

Common Mistake:

❌ He is mine friend.
✅ He is my friend.

FAQ:

Q: Difference between HIS and HIM?

HIS → possession
HIM → object

Example:
This is his bag.
I called him.

5. Reflexive Pronouns (Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Themselves)

Common Mistake 1:

❌ I did this work by myself. (Correct)
❌ Myself did this work. (Incorrect)

Correct: I did this work myself.

Common Mistake 2:

❌ He hurt him.
✅ He hurt himself.

FAQ:

Q: When do we use myself?

When subject and object are same.

Example:
I taught myself English.

6. Demonstrative Pronouns (This, That, These, Those)

Common Mistake:

❌ This are students.
✅ These are students.

FAQ:

This → singular near
That → singular far
These → plural near
Those → plural far

7. Relative Pronouns (Who, Whom, Which, That, Whose)

Common Mistake:

❌ This is the boy which came here.
✅ This is the boy who came here.

FAQ:

Who → person (subject)
Whom → person (object)
Which → thing
That → person/thing
Whose → possession

8. Indefinite Pronouns (Someone, Anyone, Everyone, Nobody, etc.)

Common Mistake:

❌ Everyone are ready.
✅ Everyone is ready.

👉 Everyone is singular.

FAQ:

Words always singular:

Everyone
Someone
Anyone
Nobody
Somebody

Use singular verb.

9. Pronoun Agreement Mistake

Common Mistake:

❌ Every student must bring their book.
(Formally incorrect)

✅ Every student must bring his or her book.
(Modern English allows "their" informally)

10. IT vs HE/SHE Mistake

Common Mistake:

❌ My car is old. He is slow.
✅ My car is old. It is slow.

Use IT for things and animals (general case)

Most Important FAQs (Very Common)

FAQ 1:

Can we say "Myself Amit"?

❌ Incorrect
✅ Correct: I am Amit.

FAQ 2:

Which is correct: Me and him or He and I?

Correct (subject): He and I
Correct (object): Me and him

Example:
He and I are friends.
Teacher called me and him.

---

FAQ 3:

Difference between YOUR and YOU'RE

Your = possession
You're = You are

Example:
Your book
You're happy

FAQ 4:

Difference between ITS and IT'S

Its = possession
It's = It is

Example:
Its color is red.
It's raining.

Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises on Pronouns

1. ___ am going to the market.

2. Can ___ help me with this problem?

3. This is the book ___ I was telling you about.

4. ___ is my pen.

5. Each of the students did ___ homework.

6. ___ has left the room?

7. The girl ___ won the prize is my friend.

8. That is not my bag; it is ___.

9. ___ gave me a gift yesterday.

10. Both of them helped ___.

11. Who is calling ___ on the phone?

12. I saw a dog. ___ was barking loudly.

13. ___ of the two roads leads to the park?

14. He did the work himself, and I admire ___.

15. Somebody left ___ umbrella in the class.

16. ___ are very kind to everyone.

17. Whose book is this? Is it ___?

18. The man ___ came here is a doctor.

19. ___ is better, tea or coffee?

20. She looked at ___ in the mirror.

21. ___ are going to the party tonight.

22. Can ___ tell me the answer?

23. The students, ___ were tired, went home early.

24. This is my friend, and I trust ___.

25. Each of the girls did ___ best in the competition.

26. ___ is responsible for this mess?

27. The boy ___ helped me was very polite.

28. That is ___ car, not mine.

29. ___ wrote this beautiful poem?

30. We made the cake ourselves; we baked it ___.

31. Nobody can solve this problem except ___.

32. ___ have been waiting for you since morning.

33. Who gave you this gift? Was it ___?

34. The teacher ___ teaches English is very strict.

35. Which of these two pens do you prefer, this one or ___?

36. She looked at herself in the water. She saw ___.

37. Both of them love ___.

38. Who is coming to the party? Is it ___?

39. I met a man. ___ was very kind.

40. ___ of the books on the shelf belong to me.

41. Everyone brought ___ homework on time.

42. ___ is responsible for cleaning the room?

43. The lady ___ lives next door is a doctor.

44. Those are my shoes, and these are ___.

45. ___ did the work perfectly.

46. They helped ___ in moving the furniture.

47. Who called you? Was it ___?

48. I saw a cat. ___ was sitting under the tree.

49. ___ of the two dresses looks better on you?

50. He completed the task himself. He did it ___.

51. Somebody left ___ keys on the table.

52. ___ are very hardworking students.

53. Which bag is yours? Is it ___?

54. The man ___ is speaking is our principal.

55. What is better, tea or coffee? I like ___ more.

56. She saw herself in the mirror. She looked at ___.

57. Both of them enjoyed ___.

58. Who came here yesterday? Was it ___?

59. I met a teacher. ___ was very friendly.

60. ___ of the students failed the test?

61. Everyone must complete ___ assignments.

62. ___ is responsible for this mistake?

63. The woman ___ helped me is my neighbor.

64. Those pens are mine; these are ___.

65. ___ did this beautiful drawing?

66. They bought gifts for ___.

67. Who is calling now? Is it ___?

68. I saw a bird. ___ was sitting on the branch.

69. Which of these two paths is better, this one or ___?

70. He solved the problem himself. He solved it ___.

71. Somebody forgot ___ bag in the classroom.

72. ___ are very good friends.

73. Whose bag is this? Is it ___?

74. The boy ___ is running is my brother.

75. Which pen do you want, this or ___?

76. She looked at herself and smiled. She saw ___ in the mirror.

77. Both of them are taking care of ___.

78. Who is coming tomorrow? Is it ___?

79. I met a man yesterday. ___ was very polite.

80. ___ of the two teams will win the match?

81. Everyone must submit ___ report today.

82. ___ is responsible for switching off the lights?

83. The lady ___ lives here is very helpful.

84. These books are mine; those are ___.

85. ___ did this amazing work?

86. They helped each other and supported ___.

87. Who called you just now? Was it ___?

88. I saw a dog. ___ was barking loudly.

89. Which of these two shirts looks nice, this one or ___?

90. He completed the project himself. He finished it ___.

91. Somebody left ___ notebook on the table.

92. ___ are attending the English class regularly.

93. Which is your pen? Is it ___?

94. The man ___ is standing there is my uncle.

95. What do you like more, chocolate or vanilla? I like ___ more.

96. She prepared the food herself. She cooked it ___.

97. Both of them are enjoying ___.

98. Who is your new teacher? Is it ___?

99. I met a boy. ___ was very intelligent.

100. ___ of the two roads leads to the village?

Answer Key:

1. I 2. you 3. which 4. This 5. their 6. Who 7. who 8. mine 9. He 10. each other 11. me 12. it 13. Which 14. him 15. their 16. We 17. yours 18. who 19. Which 20. herself 21. We 22. you 23. who 24. him 25. her 26. Who 27. who 28. that 29. Who 30. itself 31. me 32. We 33. him 34. who 35. that 36. herself 37. themselves 38. him 39. he 40. all 41. their 42. Who 43. who 44. mine 45. She 46. each other 47. him 48. it 49. that 50. himself 51. their 52. They 53. yours 54. who 55. this 56. herself 57. themselves 58. him 59. he 60. Which 61. their 62. Who 63. who 64. mine 65. Who 66. themselves 67. him 68. it 69. that 70. himself 71. their 72. They 73. yours 74. who 75. that 76. herself 77. themselves 78. him 79. he 80. Which 81. their 82. Who 83. who 84. mine 85. Who 86. each other 87. him 88. it 89. that 90. himself 91. their 92. They 93. yours 94. who 95. this 96. herself 97. themselves 98. him 99. he 100. Which

MCQs on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns:

1. She is my friend. “She” is a ________ pronoun.
   a) Personal b) Interrogative c) Relative d) Reflexive

2. I like chocolate. “I” refers to ________.
   a) First person b) Second person c) Third person d) Indefinite

3. The teacher gave us homework. “Us” is a ________.
   a) Reflexive b) Personal c) Demonstrative d) Reciprocal

4. He and I are friends. “He” is ________.
   a) Third person singular b) First person plural c) Second person d) Relative

5. We will go to the park. “We” is ________.
   a) Third person plural b) First person plural c) Personal d) Distributive

6. You should study daily. “You” is ________.
   a) Personal b) Indefinite c) Interrogative d) Emphatic

7. They are playing football. “They” is ________.
   a) First person plural b) Second person c) Third person plural d) Reflexive

8. This gift is for me. “Me” is ________.
   a) Subject pronoun b) Object pronoun c) Reflexive d) Reciprocal

9. She told us her story. “Her” is ________.
   a) Possessive pronoun b) Personal pronoun c) Interrogative d) Emphatic

10. I did it myself. “I” is ________.
    a) Personal b) Reflexive c) Emphatic d) Relative

11. He is taller than me. “Me” is ________.
    a) Object pronoun b) Subject pronoun c) Personal d) Indefinite

12. We are going to the market. “We” is ________.
    a) First person plural b) Third person plural c) Second person d) Reflexive

13. I love my dog. “My” is ________.
    a) Personal b) Possessive pronoun c) Demonstrative d) Reciprocal

14. They helped us. “Us” is ________.
    a) Object pronoun b) Subject pronoun c) Reflexive d) Emphatic

15. He is my brother. “He” is ________.
    a) Personal pronoun b) Relative c) Indefinite d) Distributive

Interrogative Pronouns:

16. _______ is coming to the party?
    a) Who b) He c) Them d) Yours

17. _______ did you give this book to?
    a) Who b) Whom c) Which d) That

18. _______ of these is correct?
    a) Which b) Who c) Whose d) That

19. _______ bag is this?
    a) Whose b) Which c) Who d) What

20. _______ is knocking at the door?
    a) Who b) Whom c) Which d) That

21. _______ are you talking about?
    a) Who b) Whose c) Which d) Whom

22. _______ is your favorite subject?
    a) What b) Which c) Whose d) Who

23. _______ book do you want?
    a) Which b) Whose c) Who d) That

24. _______ is calling me?
    a) Who b) Whom c) That d) Which

25. _______ of these pens is yours?
    a) Which b) Whose c) Who d) That

Relative Pronouns:

26. The man _______ helped me is kind.
    a) Who b) Which c) That d) Whose

27. This is the book _______ I was talking about.
    a) Which b) Who c) Whom d) That

28. She is the girl _______ won the prize.
    a) Who b) Whose c) Which d) That

29. I know the man _______ car was stolen.
    a) Whose b) Who c) Which d) That

30. This is the house _______ I live in.
    a) Where b) Which c) Who d) That

31. The movie _______ we watched was amazing.
    a) That b) Who c) Whom d) Whose

32. She likes the dress _______ is blue.
    a) Which b) Who c) Whose d) That

33. The boy _______ father is a doctor is my friend.
    a) Whose b) Who c) That d) Which

34. The cake _______ I baked was delicious.
    a) That b) Who c) Whose d) Which

35. The singer _______ songs are popular is famous.
    a) Whose b) Who c) Which d) That

Demonstrative Pronouns:

36. _______ is my pen.
    a) This b) That c) These d) All of the above

37. _______ are my books.
    a) These b) That c) This d) Who

38. I like _______ dress.
    a) That b) Those c) These d) Who

39. _______ is too expensive.
    a) That b) Those c) These d) Which

40. _______ are beautiful flowers.
    a) These b) That c) Who d) Whose

41. Look at _______ stars!
    a) Those b) This c) Who d) Which

42. I want _______ bag.
    a) That b) These c) These d) Whose

43. _______ is my favorite chair.
    a) This b) Those c) Who d) Which

44. _______ apples are fresh.
    a) These b) That c) Who d) Whose

45. Do you like _______ shoes?
    a) Those b) That c) Who d) Which

Distributive Pronouns:

46. _______ of the students passed the exam.
    a) Each b) All c) Some d) Many

47. _______ is responsible for this work.
    a) Each b) All c) Few d) Some

48. _______ of the books is missing.
    a) Each b) All c) Many d) Few

49. _______ should do their best.
    a) Everyone b) Few c) Both d) Some

50. _______ of the players scored a goal.
    a) Each b) Some c) Few d) Many

Indefinite Pronouns:

51. _______ is at the door.
    a) Someone b) Anyone c) No one d) All

52. I didn’t see _______ in the room.
    a) Anyone b) Someone c) No one d) All

53. _______ likes ice cream.
    a) Everyone b) Someone c) Anyone d) All

54. There is _______ here to help us.
    a) Somebody b) None c) Few d) Each

55. _______ can join the class.
    a) Anyone b) Everyone c) Somebody d) Each

56. I want to talk to _______ who is responsible.
    a) Anyone b) Someone c) Everyone d) Nobody

57. _______ of them failed the test.
    a) None b) Each c) Some d) Many

58. _______ can answer this question.
    a) Anyone b) Everyone c) Somebody d) None

59. _______ is willing to help.
    a) Someone b) Anyone c) Nobody d) Each

60. I know _______ who can solve this problem.
    a) Someone b) Anyone c) Everyone d) Few

61. _______ has stolen my bag.
    a) Someone b) Anyone c) Nobody d) Each

62. _______ of the children is crying.
    a) Some b) None c) Each d) Many

63. _______ knows the answer.
    a) Everyone b) Somebody c) Anyone d) Each

64. I can’t see _______ in the room.
    a) Anyone b) Somebody c) Everyone d) Each

65. _______ of my friends is coming today.
    a) Some b) Each c) Few d) Many

Reflexive Pronouns:

66. I did it _______.
    a) Myself b) Yourself c) Himself d) Each

67. She prepared the food _______.
    a) Herself b) Himself c) Themselves d) Yourself

68. They blamed _______ for the mistake.
    a) Themselves b) Myself c) Yourself d) Himself

69. He looked at _______ in the mirror.
    a) Himself b) Herself c) Yourself d) Themselves

70. We enjoyed _______ at the party.
    a) Ourselves b) Yourself c) Themselves d) Himself

71. You should help _______.
    a) Yourself b) Himself c) Themselves d) Myself

72. I cut _______ while cooking.
    a) Myself b) Yourself c) Himself d) Herself

73. She did it all by _______.
    a) Herself b) Yourself c) Themselves d) Myself

74. The students taught _______ new skills.
    a) Themselves b) Herself c) Yourself d) Himself

75. He opened the door by _______.
    a) Himself b) Herself c) Yourself d) Themselves

Reciprocal Pronouns:

76. They love _______.
    a) Each other b) Myself c) Herself d) Yourself

77. The two friends helped _______.
    a) Each other b) Myself c) Himself d) Yourself

78. We congratulated _______ on the success.
    a) Each other b) Herself c) Yourself d) Themselves

79. The players respected _______.
    a) Each other b) Myself c) Himself d) Herself

80. They hugged _______ after the match.
    a) Each other b) Myself c) Yourself d) Himself

Emphatic Pronouns:

81. I did it _______.
    a) Myself b) Yourself c) Herself d) Themselves

82. She herself cooked the meal. “Herself” is ________.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Demonstrative

83. The president himself attended the meeting. “Himself” is ________.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Reciprocal d) Distributive

84. They themselves solved the problem.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Relative

85. We ourselves painted the room.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Demonstrative

86. He himself fixed the car.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Reciprocal

87. I myself cleaned the house.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Relative

88. The children themselves made the card.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Distributive

89. You yourself can solve this problem.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Relative

90. She herself completed the task.
    a) Emphatic b) Reflexive c) Personal d) Demonstrative

Mixed / Revision Questions (91–100)

91. _______ broke the vase?
    a) Who b) Whom c) Which d) That

92. The teacher gave the homework to _______.
    a) Them b) Himself c) Yours d) He

93. This is the dog _______ barked last night.
    a) That b) Who c) Whose d) Which

94. _______ of the boys scored the highest marks.
    a) Each b) All c) None d) Some

95. I hurt _______ while cooking.
    a) Myself b) Yourself c) Herself d) Himself

96. The friends helped _______ in the project.
    a) Each other b) Myself c) Yourself d) Himself

97. _______ is coming with us?
    a) Who b) Which c) That d) Whose

98. Those are my books, and these are _______.
    a) Yours b) Himself c) Theirs d) Myself

99. The singer _______ songs are popular is famous.
    a) Whose b) Who c) That d) Which

100. I did the work _______ without help.
     a) Myself b) Yourself c) Herself d) Themselves

ANSWER KEY:

1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. a, 7. c, 8. b, 9. a, 10. a, 11. a, 12. a, 13. b, 14. a, 15. a, 16. a, 17. b, 18. a, 19. a, 20. a, 21. d, 22. a, 23. a, 24. a, 25. a, 26. a, 27. a, 28. a, 29. a, 30. a, 31. a, 32. a, 33. a, 34. a, 35. a, 36. a, 37. a, 38. a, 39. a, 40. a, 41. a, 42. a, 43. a, 44. a, 45. a, 46. a, 47. a, 48. a, 49. a, 50. a, 51. a, 52. a, 53. a, 54. a, 55. a, 56. b, 57. a, 58. a, 59. a, 60. a, 61. a, 62. a, 63. a, 64. a, 65. a, 66. a, 67. a, 68. a, 69. a, 70. a, 71. a, 72. a, 73. a, 74. a, 75. a, 76. a, 77. a, 78. a, 79. a, 80. a, 81. a, 82. a, 83. a, 84. a, 85. a, 86. a, 87. a, 88. a, 89. a, 90. a, 91. a, 92. a, 93. b, 94. a, 95. a, 96. a, 97. a, 98. a, 99. a, 100. a