Noun With Definition, Rules, Examples, Types, Singular Plural & Gender Exercises | EnglishEraWithAmitPoonia

 

What is a Noun? (English & Hindi)

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.

Definition:
A noun is a word that names someone, somewhere, something, or a feeling/idea.

परिभाषा:
संज्ञा वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, प्राणी, वस्तु या भाव के नाम को दर्शाए।

Examples:

1. Person: boy, teacher, Amit
2. Place: school, Delhi, India
3. Animal: dog, cow, lion
4. Thing: book, chair, phone
5. Idea/Feeling: honesty, love, happiness

Sentence examples:

1. Amit is a good teacher.
2. The book is on the table.
3. Honesty is the best policy.

Type of Noun

1) Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. It always begins with a capital letter.

Hindi meaning:
जिस संज्ञा से किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का नाम पता चले, उसे Proper Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Ram is my best friend.
   (Ram is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a specific person.)
   राम मेरा सबसे अच्छा दोस्त है।
   (Ram विशेष व्यक्ति का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

2. Delhi is the capital of India.
   (Delhi is a Proper Noun because it names a specific city.)
   दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।
   (Delhi एक विशेष शहर का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

3. The Ganga is a holy river.
   (Ganga is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a particular river.)
   गंगा एक पवित्र नदी है।
   (Ganga एक खास नदी का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

4. Sachin Tendulkar is a famous cricketer.
   (Sachin Tendulkar is a Proper Noun because it refers to one person.)
   सचिन तेंदुलकर एक प्रसिद्ध क्रिकेटर हैं।
   (यह एक विशेष व्यक्ति का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

5. Sunday is a holiday.
   (Sunday is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a specific day.)
   रविवार एक छुट्टी का दिन है।
   (Sunday एक खास दिन का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है

6. ।)

2) Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Common Noun is the name of a general person, place, animal, or thing.

Hindi meaning:
जिस संज्ञा से किसी सामान्य व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का बोध हो, उसे Common Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. A boy is playing outside.
   (Boy is a Common Noun because it refers to any boy.)
   एक लड़का बाहर खेल रहा है।
   (boy किसी विशेष लड़के का नाम नहीं है।)

2. She bought a book.
   (Book is a Common Noun because it is a general thing.)
   उसने एक किताब खरीदी।
   (book सामान्य वस्तु है।)

3. The teacher is kind.
   (Teacher is a Common Noun because it refers to any teacher.)
   शिक्षक दयालु हैं।
   (teacher कोई खास नाम नहीं है।)

4. I saw a dog on the road.
   (Dog is a Common Noun because it refers to any dog.)
   मैंने सड़क पर एक कुत्ता देखा।
   (dog सामान्य जानवर है।)

5. This city is crowded.
   (City is a Common Noun because it does not name a specific city.)
   यह शहर भीड़भाड़ वाला है।
   (city किसी विशेष शहर का नाम नहीं है।)

3) Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Collective Noun is a word that names a group of people, animals, or things.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा समूह का बोध कराए, उसे Collective Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. A team is playing well.
   (Team is a Collective Noun because it means a group of players.)
   एक टीम अच्छा खेल रही है।
   (team खिलाड़ियों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

2. A crowd gathered outside.
   (Crowd is a Collective Noun because it refers to many people together.)
   बाहर भीड़ इकट्ठा हो गई।
   (crowd लोगों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

3. A herd of cows is grazing.
   (Herd is a Collective Noun because it refers to a group of cows.)
   गायों का झुंड चर रहा है।
   (herd क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

4. A bouquet of flowers looks beautiful.
   (Bouquet is a Collective Noun because it is a group of flowers.)
   फूलों का गुलदस्ता सुंदर लग रहा है।
   (bouquet फूलों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

5. The jury gave its decision.
   (Jury is a Collective Noun because it refers to a group of judges.)
   जूरी ने अपना फैसला दिया।
   (jury लोगों के समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

4) Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
An Abstract Noun names a quality, feeling, idea, or state that cannot be seen or touched.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा भाव, गुण, अवस्था या भावना को प्रकट करे, उसे Abstract Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Honesty is the best policy.
   (Honesty is an Abstract Noun because it is a quality.)
   ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।
   (honesty एक गुण है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

2. He showed great courage.
   (Courage is an Abstract Noun because it is a feeling.)
   उसने बहुत साहस दिखाया।
   (courage भावना है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

3. Childhood is a beautiful phase.
   (Childhood is an Abstract Noun because it is a state of life.)
   बचपन जीवन की सुंदर अवस्था है।
   (childhood अवस्था को दर्शाता है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

4. Knowledge is power.
   (Knowledge is an Abstract Noun because it is an idea.)
   ज्ञान शक्ति है।
   (knowledge विचार है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

5. Happiness comes from within.
   (Happiness is an Abstract Noun because it is a feeling.)
   खुशी अंदर से आती है।
   (happiness भावना है,क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

5) Material Noun (द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Material Noun names a substance or material from which things are made.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा किसी पदार्थ या द्रव्य का नाम बताए, उसे Material Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Gold is expensive.
   (Gold is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   सोना महंगा है।
   (gold एक पदार्थ है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

2. This table is made of wood.
   (Wood is a Material Noun because it is a material.)
   यह मेज लकड़ी से बनी है।
   (wood द्रव्य है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

3. Water is essential for life.
   (Water is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   पानी जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है।
   (water पदार्थ है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

4. The ring is made of silver.
   (Silver is a Material Noun because it is a metal.)
   अंगूठी चांदी की है।
   (silver धातु है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

5. Milk is good for health.
   (Milk is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   दूध स्वास्थ्य के लिए अच्छा है।
   (milk द्रव्य है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

Countable Nouns (गणनीय संज्ञा)

Definition (English):
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. They have singular and plural forms.

परिभाषा (Hindi):
जिन संज्ञाओं को गिना जा सकता है, उन्हें Countable Nouns कहते हैं। इनके एकवचन और बहुवचन होते हैं।

Uncountable Nouns (अगणनीय संज्ञा)

Definition (English):
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted individually. They usually have only one form.

परिभाषा (Hindi):
जिन संज्ञाओं को अलग-अलग गिना नहीं जा सकता, उन्हें Uncountable Nouns कहते हैं। इनके बहुवचन नहीं होते।

Examples:

1. General Rule: Add –s

Most nouns form the plural by adding s.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples:

1. Book - Books – I bought two books.

2. Pen - Pens – The pens are on the table.

3. Girl - Girls – The girls are playing.

4. Dog - Dogs – Dogs are loyal animals.

5. Tree - Trees – The trees are tall.

6. Chair - Chairs – The chairs are broken.

7. Car - Cars – Cars are parked outside.

8. Boy - Boys – The boys are studying.

9. Teacher - Teachers – Teachers guide students.

10. Apple - Apples – Apples are healthy.

2. Nouns Ending in s, sh, ch, x, z - Add –es

Rule: Singular + es

Examples:

1. Bus - Buses – Buses run on time.

2. Box - Boxes – The boxes are heavy.

3. Class - Classes – Classes start at nine.

4. Dish - Dishes – Wash the dishes.

5. Match - Matches – The matches are wet.

6. Brush - Brushes – New brushes are needed.

7. Fox - Foxes – Foxes are clever.

8. Watch - Watches – These watches are costly.

9. Quiz - Quizzes – The quizzes were difficult.

10. Glass - Glasses – I wear glasses.

3. Nouns Ending in y

a) Consonant + y - y becomes i + es

Examples:

1. Baby - Babies – Babies need care.

2. City - Cities – Big cities are crowded.

3. Lady - Ladies – The ladies arrived early.

4. Story - Stories – Stories inspire us.

5. Country - Countries – Countries trade globally.

6. Party - Parties – Parties are fun.

7. Fly - Flies – Flies spread germs.

8. Army - Armies – Armies protect nations.

9. Puppy - Puppies – Puppies are cute.

10. Factory - Factories – Factories produce goods.

b) Vowel + y - Add –s only

Examples:

Boy - Boys, Toy - Toys, Day - Days

4. Nouns Ending in f / fe - f/fe becomes ves

Examples:

1. Leaf - Leaves – Leaves fall in autumn.

2. Wolf - Wolves – Wolves live in packs.

3. Knife - Knives – Knives are sharp.

4. Life - Lives – They saved many lives.

5. Wife - Wives – Wives supported them.

6. Shelf - Shelves – Shelves are full.

7. Thief - Thieves – Thieves were caught.

8. Loaf - Loaves – Fresh loaves are baked.

9. Half - Halves – Cut it into halves.

10. Calf - Calves – Calves need milk.

5. Irregular Plurals (No Fixed Rule)

Examples:

1. Man - Men – Men are working.

2. Woman - Women – Women lead teams.

3. Child - Children – Children are learning.

4. Tooth - Teeth – Teeth need care.

5. Foot - Feet – Feet were tired.

6. Mouse - Mice – Mice ran away.

7. Goose - Geese – Geese are swimming.

8. Person - People – People gathered here.

9. Ox - Oxen – Oxen pull carts.

10. Louse - Lice – Lice cause itching.

6. Same Form for Singular and Plural

Examples:

1. Sheep – The sheep is grazing / The sheep are grazing.

2. Deer – A deer crossed the road / Many deer crossed it.

3. Fish – I caught a fish / I caught many fish.

4. Aircraft – One aircraft landed / Two aircraft landed.

5. Species – This species is rare / These species are rare.

7. Nouns Always Plural

Examples:

1. Scissors – The scissors are sharp.

2. Trousers – His trousers are new.

3. Shorts – These shorts are cheap.

4. Glasses – My glasses are broken.

5. Pants – Pants are comfortable.

❌ Incorrect: A scissor
✔ Correct: A pair of scissors

8. Important Exceptions (Must Remember)

1. Photo - Photos (not photoes)
2. Piano - Pianos
3. Roof - Roofs (not rooves)
4. Belief - Beliefs
5. Chief - Chiefs

Sentence: The roofs of houses are damaged.

9. Words Ending with O → Add –ES (Mostly)

Many nouns ending in O form their plural by adding –es, especially short words or words used in daily life.

Rule: Singular + es

Examples:

1. Potato - Potatoes – Potatoes are rich in starch.

2. Tomato - Tomatoes – Tomatoes are fresh.

3. Hero - Heroes – Heroes inspire people.

4. Echo - Echoes – Echoes were heard.

5. Mango - Mangoes – Mangoes are sweet.

6. Negro - Negroes – Negroes were mentioned in history books.

7. Volcano - Volcanoes – Volcanoes erupt suddenly.

8. Cargo - Cargoes – Cargoes were shipped.

9. Mosquito - Mosquitoes – Mosquitoes spread diseases.

10. Buffalo - Buffaloes – Buffaloes are grazing.

10. Words Ending with O → Add –S (Many Exceptions)

Words ending in O that come from shortened forms, musical terms, modern usage, or foreign origin usually take –s only.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples:

1. Photo - Photos – Photos look beautiful.

2. Piano - Pianos – Pianos are expensive.

3. Radio - Radios – Radios are playing.

4. Video - Videos – Videos went viral.

5. Studio - Studios – Studios are closed.

6. Zoo - Zoos – Zoos protect animals.

7. Solo - Solos – Guitar solos were amazing.

8. Logo - Logos – Logos represent brands.

9. Memo - Memos – Memos were sent.

10. Auto - Autos – Autos are common here.

11. Words Ending with OO → Add –S only

All nouns ending with OO form the plural by adding –s.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples with sentences:

1. Zoo - Zoos – Zoos are educational.

2. Kangaroo - Kangaroos – Kangaroos jump high.

3. Bamboo - Bamboos – Bamboos grow fast.

4. Cuckoo - Cuckoos – Cuckoos sing loudly.

5. Tattoo - Tattoos – Tattoos are popular.

6. Igloo - Igloos – Igloos are made of ice.

7. Shamboo - Shamboos – Shamboos are stored.

8. Tycoon - Tycoons – Tycoons invest heavily.

9. Taboo - Taboos – Taboos vary by culture.

10. Boo - Boos – Boos came from the crowd.

11. Rule: Making Plurals of Short Forms / Abbreviations

When letters, short forms, abbreviations, or initials are made plural, we often add ’s to avoid confusion, especially in traditional or educational writing.

Structure:

Abbreviation + ’s

A. Plural of Letters (A, B, C, etc.)

Examples:

1. A - A’s – Do not forget to cross your A’s.
2. B - B’s – There are three B’s in this word.
3. C - C’s – The report has many C’s.
4. D - D’s – He scored two D’s

B. Plural of Initialisms (Capital Letters)

Examples:

1. M.L.A → M.L.A’s – The M.L.A’s attended the meeting.
2. M.P → M.P’s – The M.P’s raised the issue.
3. S.P → S.P’s – Several S.P’s were transferred.
4. C.E.O → C.E.O’s – The C.E.O’s met today.
5. I.A.S → I.A.S’s – The I.A.S’s were honored.

C. Plural of Numbers, Years & Symbols (Traditional Use)

Examples:

1. 1990 - 1990’s – Music of the 1990’s was popular.
2. 10 - 10’s – He is in his 10’s.
3. ₹ - ₹’s – Avoid mixing ₹’s in notes.

Modern Style Note:
Today, many style guides prefer 1990s (without apostrophe), but 1990’s is still accepted in exams and traditional writing.

What is Gender?

Gender in English grammar shows whether a noun or pronoun refers to a male, female, both, or non-living thing. It helps us understand who or what is being talked about.

Gender (लिंग) से पता चलता है कि कोई संज्ञा या सर्वनाम पुरुष, स्त्री, दोनों या निर्जीव वस्तु को दर्शाता है।
यह बताता है कि बात किसके या किस चीज़ के बारे में हो रही है।

Example:

1. Boy - male
2. Girl - female
3. Table - non-living

How many types of Gender are there?

There are four types of Gender in English grammar.

1. Masculine Gender

2. Feminine Gender

3. Common Gender

4. Neuter Gender

1. Masculine Gender (पुल्लिंग)

Masculine Gender refers to male persons or animals.

Masculine Gender (पुल्लिंग) पुरुष जाति को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Man, Boy, Father, King, Lion

1. The boy is playing in the park.
   Explanation (English): The word boy refers to a male child, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Boy शब्द एक पुरुष बच्चे को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

2. My father works in a bank.
   Explanation (English): Father is a male parent, so it belongs to Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Father पुरुष माता-पिता को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

3. The king ruled the country wisely.
   Explanation (English): King is a male ruler, which makes it Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): King पुरुष शासक होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

4. His brother lives in Delhi.
   Explanation (English): Brother is a male sibling, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Brother पुरुष भाई को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

5. The actor won an award.
   Explanation (English): Actor refers to a male performer, hence Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Actor पुरुष कलाकार को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

6. The uncle visited us yesterday.
   Explanation (English): Uncle is a male relative, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Uncle पुरुष रिश्तेदार होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

7. The lion is the king of the jungle.
   Explanation (English): Lion refers to the male animal, making it Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Lion नर जानवर को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

8. That man is very honest.
   Explanation (English): Man clearly refers to a male human being, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Man पुरुष मनुष्य को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

9. The prince is brave.
   Explanation (English): Prince is the male child of a king or queen, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Prince राजा का पुत्र होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

10. The teacher praised the boy.
    Explanation (English): Boy represents a male gender, hence Masculine Gender.
    व्याख्या (Hindi): Boy पुरुष लिंग को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

2. Feminine Gender (स्त्रीलिंग)

Feminine Gender refers to female persons or animals
Feminine Gender (स्त्रीलिंग) स्त्री जाति को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Woman, Girl, Mother, Queen, Lioness

1. The girl is dancing.
   Explanation: Girl refers to a female child, so it is Feminine Gender.
   व्याख्या: Girl स्त्री बच्चे को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह स्त्रीलिंग है।

2. My mother is a teacher.
   Explanation: Mother is a female parent.
   व्याख्या: Mother महिला माता को दर्शाता है।

3. The queen is kind.
   Explanation: Queen is a female ruler.
   व्याख्या: Queen महिला शासक होती है।

4. Her sister lives nearby.
   Explanation: Sister is a female sibling.
   व्याख्या: Sister महिला बहन को दर्शाता है।

5. The actress won a prize.
   Explanation: Actress is a female performer.
   व्याख्या: Actress महिला कलाकार को दर्शाता है।

6. My aunt is visiting us.
   Explanation: Aunt is a female relative.
   व्याख्या: Aunt महिला रिश्तेदार होती है।

7. The lioness is hunting.
   Explanation: Lioness is a female animal.
   व्याख्या: Lioness मादा जानवर को दर्शाता है।

8. That woman is honest.
   Explanation: Woman refers to an adult female.
   व्याख्या: Woman वयस्क महिला को दर्शाता है।

9. The princess is brave.
   Explanation: Princess is a female royal child.
   व्याख्या: Princess राजकुमारी होती है।

10. The nurse helped the patient.
    Explanation: Nurse here refers to a female.
    व्याख्या: यहाँ Nurse महिला को दर्शाता है।

3. Common Gender (उभयलिंग)

Common Gender refers to nouns that can be male or female.

Common Gender (उभयलिंग) ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो पुरुष या स्त्री दोनों के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।

Examples:
Teacher, Student, Child, Doctor, Friend

1. The teacher is explaining the lesson.
   Explanation: Teacher can be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Teacher पुरुष या महिला दोनों हो सकते हैं।

2. My friend is very helpful.
   Explanation: Friend has no fixed gender.
   व्याख्या: Friend का कोई निश्चित लिंग नहीं होता।

3. The student is preparing for exams.
   Explanation: Student can be a boy or a girl.
   व्याख्या: Student लड़का या लड़की हो सकता है।

4. The doctor is on duty.
   Explanation: Doctor may be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Doctor पुरुष या महिला दोनों हो सकते हैं।

5. The child is sleeping.
   Explanation: Child does not show gender.
   व्याख्या: Child लिंग नहीं बताता।

6. The cousin lives abroad.
   Explanation: Cousin is used for both genders.
   व्याख्या: Cousin दोनों लिंगों के लिए होता है।

7. The neighbor helped us.
   Explanation: Neighbor has common gender.
   व्याख्या: Neighbor उभयलिंग है।

8. The baby is crying.
   Explanation: Baby can be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Baby लड़का या लड़की हो सकता है।

9. The teacher scolded the student.
   Explanation: Both words are common gender.
   व्याख्या: दोनों शब्द उभयलिंग हैं।

10. The player performed well.
    Explanation: Player does not specify gender.
    व्याख्या: Player लिंग स्पष्ट नहीं करता।

4. Neuter Gender (नपुंसकलिंग)

Neuter Gender refers to non-living things, objects, or ideas.
Neuter Gender (नपुंसकलिंग) निर्जीव वस्तुओं या चीज़ों को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Book, Table, Chair, Pen, Car

1. The book is on the table.
   Explanation: Book is a thing, so Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: Book वस्तु है, इसलिए नपुंसकलिंग है।

2. The pen is blue.
   Explanation: Non-living object.
   व्याख्या: निर्जीव वस्तु है।

3. This chair is broken.
   Explanation: Chair has no life.
   व्याख्या: Chair निर्जीव है।

4. The room is clean.
   Explanation: A place is Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: स्थान नपुंसकलिंग होता है।

5. The phone is charging.
   Explanation: Phone is a thing.
   व्याख्या: Phone एक वस्तु है।

6. The clock is old.
   Explanation: No gender applies.
   व्याख्या: इसमें लिंग नहीं होता।

7. The computer is fast.
   Explanation: Machine = Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: मशीन नपुंसकलिंग होती है।

8. The bag is heavy.
   Explanation: Bag is non-living.
   व्याख्या: Bag निर्जीव है।

9. The house is big.
   Explanation: Buildings are Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: इमारतें नपुंसकलिंग होती हैं।

10. The road is wide.
    Explanation: Road is a thing, not living.
    व्याख्या: Road निर्जीव वस्तु है।

Rules to Change Masculine to Feminine Gender

Rule 1: By changing the word completely (Different words)

Some masculine nouns change into entirely different feminine words.

Man - Woman
Boy - Girl
Father - Mother
King - Queen
Husband - Wife
Son - Daughter
Uncle - Aunt
Brother - Sister
Bull - Cow
Cock - Hen

Explanation: There is no fixed suffix rule here; the word itself changes.

Rule 2: By adding –ess

Many masculine nouns form the feminine by adding –ess.

Actor - Actress
Poet - Poetess
Lion - Lioness
Host - Hostess
Tiger - Tigress
Heir - Heiress
God - Goddess

Note: Sometimes spelling also changes slightly.

Rule 3: By changing –or into –ress

Masculine nouns ending in –or often change to –ress.

Actor - Actress
Emperor - Empress
Governor - Governess
Instructor - Instructress
Waiter - Waitress

Important: Not all –or words follow this rule in modern English.

Rule 4: By changing –er into –ess

Some masculine nouns ending in –er form feminine by –ess.

Master - Mistress
Manager - Manageress
Murderer - Murderess
Sorcerer - Sorceress

Modern Usage: Some of these are becoming gender-neutral.

Rule 5: By adding –ine

Certain nouns form the feminine by adding –ine.

Hero - Heroine
Czar - Czarina
Signor - Signorina

Spelling Change: Hero + ine = Heroine (drop ‘o’ sound)

Rule 6: By adding –a

Some words form feminine gender by adding a.

Poet - Poeta
Sultan - Sultana
Prophet - Propheta

Usage: Less common in modern English but seen in literature.

Rule 7: By changing –man into –woman

Words ending with –man often change to –woman.

Man - Woman
Chairman - Chairwoman
Policeman - Policewoman
Salesman - Saleswoman
Postman - Postwoman

Modern English: Often replaced by gender-neutral terms like police officer.

Rule 8: By using a different form for animals

Many animals have separate masculine and feminine names.

Horse - Mare
Dog - Bitch
Lion - Lioness
Peacock - Peahen
Fox - Vixen
Stag - Doe

Rule 9: By adding female / she- before the noun

Some nouns remain the same, but gender is shown by adding a word.

Doctor - Female doctor
Teacher - She-teacher
Child - Girl child

Used when no separate feminine word exists.

Rule 10: By changing spelling slightly

Some words change form slightly.

Monk - Nun
Wizard - Witch
Bachelor - Spinster

These are fixed pairs, not rule-based.

Rule 11: Common Gender (No change)

Some nouns are same for both genders.

Teacher
Student
Doctor
Friend
Cousin

Fill in the blanks (Singular - Plural)

1. There is one ____ in the room, but later many ____ were seen outside. (child)

2. A ____ is standing near the gate, but several ____ are playing inside. (boy)

3. She bought one ____ yesterday; today she bought many ____. (book)

4. A ____ was barking loudly, and soon many ____ joined it. (dog)

5. The ____ is very sharp, but all the ____ are kept safely. (knife)

6. One ____ was flying in the sky, then many ____ appeared. (bird)

7. A ____ is missing from the box, but the rest of the ____ are there. (coin)

8. The ____ is broken, but the ____ are new. (glass)

9. One ____ was solved, but many ____ are still pending. (problem)

10. A ____ is growing in the garden, and many ____ are nearby. (flower)

11. The ____ is grazing in the field, while other ____ are resting. (cow)

12. One ____ was stolen, but the ____ were safe. (watch)

13. A ____ is calling his friend, but other ____ are silent. (man)

14. The ____ is crying, while the ____ are sleeping. (baby)

15. One ____ fell from the tree, and many ____ followed. (leaf)

16. The ____ is very clever, but all the ____ are hardworking. (student)

17. A ____ is parked outside, and many ____ are inside. (car)

18. The ____ is open, but the ____ are closed. (door)

19. One ____ was lost, but the ____ were found later. (key)

20. A ____ is sitting on the chair, and other ____ are standing. (person)

21. The ____ is expensive, but the ____ are affordable. (shoe)

22. One ____ was cut, but the ____ are safe. (finger)

23. The ____ is dirty, but the ____ are clean. (plate)

24. A ____ is chasing the cat, while other ____ are sleeping. (dog)

25. One ____ is sharp, but the ____ are blunt. (tooth)

26. The ____ is reading a book, but the ____ are writing notes. (girl)

27. A ____ is climbing the hill, while many ____ are resting. (man)

28. The ____ is shining, but the ____ are hidden by clouds. (star)

29. One ____ is broken, but the ____ are working. (machine)

30. A ____ is swimming in the pond, and many ____ are nearby. (fish)

31. The ____ is red, but the ____ are blue. (apple)

32. One ____ was built last year, but many ____ are old. (house)

33. A ____ is barking at night, while other ____ are quiet. (dog)

34. The ____ is sweet, but the ____ are sour. (mango)

35. One ____ is crying, but the ____ are laughing. (child)

36. The ____ is sharp, but the ____ are dull. (scissor)

37. A ____ is missing, while the ____ are present. (pen)

38. One ____ is running fast, but the ____ are slow. (horse)

39. The ____ is heavy, but the ____ are light. (box)

40. A ____ is reading the paper, while other ____ are watching TV. (man)

41. The ____ is bright, but the ____ are dim. (light)

42. One ____ was injured, but the ____ are safe. (soldier)

43. A ____ is blooming, while many ____ are drying. (rose)

44. The ____ is tall, but the ____ are short. (tree)

45. One ____ is barking loudly, but the ____ are silent. (puppy)

46. The ____ is beautiful, but the ____ are ordinary. (dress)

47. A ____ is sitting alone, while other ____ are talking. (woman)

48. One ____ was written clearly, but the ____ are confusing. (sentence)

49. The ____ is full, but the ____ are empty. (bucket)

50. A ____ is shining brightly, while many ____ are hidden. (moon)

Answer Key:

1. children, children 2. boy, boys 3. book, books 4. dog, dogs 5. knife, knives 6. bird, birds 7. coin, coins 8. glass, glasses 9. problem, problems 10. flower, flowers 11. cow, cows 12. watch, watches 13. man, men 14. baby, babies 15. leaf, leaves 16. student, students 17. car, cars 18. door, doors 19. key, keys 20. person, people 21. shoe, shoes 22. finger, fingers 23. plate, plates 24. dog, dogs 25. tooth, teeth 26. girl, girls 27. man, men 28. star, stars 29. machine, machines 30. fish, fish 31. apple, apples 32. house, houses 33. dog, dogs 34. mango, mangoes 35. child, children 36. scissor, scissors 37. pen, pens 38. horse, horses 39. box, boxes 40. man, men 41. light, lights 42. soldier, soldiers 43. rose, roses 44. tree, trees 45. puppy, puppies 46. dress, dresses 47. woman, women 48. sentence, sentences 49. bucket, buckets 50. moon, moons

Singular to Plural MCQs:

1. Choose the correct plural of boy. A) boys B) boies C) boyes D) boy’s

2. Choose the correct plural of box. A) boxs B) boxes C) boxies D) box

3. Choose the correct plural of child. A) childs B) children C) childes D) childrens

4. Choose the correct plural of man. A) mans B) men C) mens D) manes

5. Choose the correct plural of woman. A) womans B) womens C) women D) womanes

6. Choose the correct plural of leaf. A) leafs B) leaves C) leavs D) leafes

7. Choose the correct plural of knife. A) knifes B) knives C) knive D) knifves

8. Choose the correct plural of mouse. A) mouses B) mice C) mouse D) mic

9. Choose the correct plural of foot. A) foots B) feet C) feets D) footes

10. Choose the correct plural of tooth. A) tooths B) teeth C) teaths D) toothes

11. Choose the correct plural of city. A) citys B) cities C) citties D) citis

12. Choose the correct plural of baby. A) babys B) babies C) babyes D) babis

13. Choose the correct plural of bus. A) buss B) buses C) bus D) busies

14. Choose the correct plural of class. A) class B) classs C) classes D) classies

15. Choose the correct plural of hero. A) heros B) heroes C) hero D) heroies

16. Choose the correct plural of potato. A) potatos B) potatoes C) potato D) potatoies

17. Choose the correct plural of tomato. A) tomatos B) tomatoes C) tomato D) tomaties

18. Choose the correct plural of ox. A) oxes B) oxen C) oxs D) ox

19. Choose the correct plural of deer. A) deers B) deer C) deeres D) deir

20. Choose the correct plural of sheep. A) sheeps B) sheep C) sheepes D) ships

21. Choose the correct plural of pencil. A) pencils B) penciles C) pencil D) pencills

22. Choose the correct plural of watch. A) watchs B) watches C) watch D) watchies

23. Choose the correct plural of bench. A) benchs B) benches C) bench D) benchies

24. Choose the correct plural of church. A) churchs B) churches C) church D) churchies

25. Choose the correct plural of lady. A) ladys B) ladies C) ladyes D) ladis

26. Choose the correct plural of army. A) armys B) armies C) armyes D) armis

27. Choose the correct plural of fox. A) foxs B) foxes C) fox D) foxies

28. Choose the correct plural of dish. A) dishs B) dishes C) dish D) dishies

29. Choose the correct plural of calf. A) calfs B) calves C) calvs D) calfes

30. Choose the correct plural of wife. A) wifes B) wives C) wifees D) wifves

31. Choose the correct plural of life. A) lifes B) lives C) lifees D) livs

32. Choose the correct plural of thief. A) thiefs B) thieves C) thievs D) thiees

33. Choose the correct plural of quiz. A) quizs B) quizzes C) quiz D) quizies

34. Choose the correct plural of roof. A) roofs B) rooves C) roofes D) rofs

35. Choose the correct plural of belief. A) beliefs B) believes C) beliefes D) believs

36. Choose the correct plural of photo. A) photos B) photoes C) photies D) photo

37. Choose the correct plural of piano. A) pianos B) pianoes C) pianies D) piano

38. Choose the correct plural of criterion. A) criterions B) criteria C) criterion D) criterias

39. Choose the correct plural of datum. A) datums B) data C) datum D) datas

40. Choose the correct plural of cactus. A) cactus B) cactuses C) cacti D) cacties

41. Choose the correct plural of radius. A) radiuses B) radii C) radius D) radies

42. Choose the correct plural of syllabus. A) syllabuses B) syllabi C) syllabus D) syllabys

43. Choose the correct plural of analysis. A) analysises B) analyses C) analysis D) analysies

44. Choose the correct plural of basis. A) basises B) bases C) basis D) basies

45. Choose the correct plural of crisis. A) crisises B) crises C) crisis D) crisies

46. Choose the correct plural of phenomenon. A) phenomenons B) phenomena C) phenomenon D) phenomenas

47. Choose the correct plural of index. A) indexes B) indices C) indexs D) indixes

48. Choose the correct plural of appendix. A) appendixes B) appendices C) appendixs D) appendix

49. Choose the correct plural of goose. A) gooses B) geese C) goose D) gees

50. Choose the correct plural of louse. A) louses B) lice C) louse D) lices

Answer Key:

1. A boys, 2. B boxes, 3. B children, 4. B men, 5. C women, 6. B leaves, 7. B knives, 8. B mice, 9. B feet, 10. B teeth, 11. B cities, 12. B babies, 13. B buses, 14. C classes, 15. B heroes, 16. B potatoes, 17. B tomatoes, 18. B oxen, 19. B deer, 20. B sheep, 21. A pencils, 22. B watches, 23. B benches, 24. B churches, 25. B ladies, 26. B armies, 27. B foxes, 28. B dishes, 29. B calves, 30. B wives, 31. B lives, 32. B thieves, 33. B quizzes, 34. A roofs, 35. A beliefs, 36. A photos, 37. A pianos, 38. B criteria, 39. B data, 40. C cacti, 41. B radii, 42. B syllabi, 43. B analyses, 44. B bases, 45. B crises, 46. B phenomena, 47. B indices, 48. B appendices, 49. B geese, 50. B lice.

Exercises on Change of Gender:

Change the gender of the highlighted noun in each sentence. Use the correct masculine/feminine form.

1. The king rules the kingdom wisely.

2. A prince lives in a castle.

3. The boy is reading a book.

4. A father loves his children.

5. The lion roars loudly in the forest.

6. A brother is caring towards his sibling.

7. The man is walking in the garden.

8. A husband helps his wife in the kitchen.

9. The son studies in the school.

10. The uncle tells interesting stories.

11. A waiter serves food politely.

12. The actor performed brilliantly in the play.

13. The nephew visits his aunt.

14. The king wears a crown.

15. A boy is playing in the park.

16. The father is teaching his son.

17. A man is fixing the car.

18. The son is helping his father.

19. The uncle is telling a joke.

20. A prince is wearing royal clothes.

21. The waiter brings the menu.

22. The actor signs autographs for fans.

23. A brother is studying with his sister.

24. The husband goes to work early.

25. The lion protects its cubs.

26. A boy is singing a song.

27. The king addresses his subjects.

28. A father is talking to his daughter.

29. The nephew is playing with his cousin.

30. The man is reading the newspaper.

31. A prince meets the princess in the garden.

32. The son brings gifts for his mother.

33. The uncle helps his niece in homework.

34. A waiter serves the drinks.

35. The actor rehearses the script.

36. A brother supports his sister in studies.

37. The husband greets his wife at the door.

38. The lion chases the deer in the jungle.

39. A boy learns swimming in the pool.

40. The king listens to the advice of his queen.

41. A prince visits the princess in the palace.

42. The father attends the parent-teacher meeting.

43. A man helps the old woman cross the road.

44. The son comforts his mother.

45. The uncle congratulates his niece.

46. A waiter cleans the table after the meal.

47. The actor acts in a drama.

48. A brother plays football with his sister.

49. The husband buys flowers for his wife.

50. The lion sleeps under the tree.

51. The boy wins a prize in the competition.

52. The king announces a holiday for his kingdom.

53. A prince rides his horse.

54. The father bakes a cake for his daughter.

55. The nephew thanks his aunt for the gift.

56. The man fixes the broken chair.

57. A son helps his father in the garden.

58. The uncle reads a story to his niece.

59. A waiter serves breakfast in the morning.

60. The actor receives a trophy for best performance.

61. A brother protects his sister from danger.

62. The husband accompanies his wife to the market.

63. The lion hunts in the forest.

64. A boy draws a picture for his mother.

65. The king wears a golden crown.

66. A prince saves the princess from danger.

67. The father scolds his son for being late.

68. The nephew greets his aunt in the morning.

69. The man helps his neighbor fix a bicycle.

70. A son gives flowers to his mother.

71. The uncle attends his niece’s school function.

72. A waiter serves lunch on the table.

73. The actor entertains the audience.

74. A brother teaches his sister to ride a bicycle.

75. The husband reads a newspaper while his wife cooks.

76. The lion protects its territory.

77. A boy studies for the exam.

78. The king meets the queen in the palace.

79. A prince helps his father in court.

80. The father teaches his daughter how to read.

81. The nephew plays with his aunt.

82. The man listens carefully to the instructions.

83. A son thanks his father for the gift.

84. The uncle gives advice to his niece.

85. A waiter serves coffee in the morning.

86. The actor practices his dialogues.

87. A brother comforts his sister.

88. The husband plans a surprise for his wife.

89. The lion drinks water from the river.

90. A boy helps his mother in the kitchen.

91. The king congratulates the prince.

92. A prince visits the queen.

93. The father supports his son in studies.

94. The nephew thanks his aunt.

95. The man guides the tourist.

96. A son cleans his room.

97. The uncle teaches his niece to dance.

98. A waiter serves food with a smile.

99. The actor wins a medal.

100. A brother protects his sister from danger.

Answer Key (Change of Gender)

1. king – queen, 2. prince – princess, 3. boy – girl, 4. father – mother, 5. lion – lioness, 6. brother – sister, 7. man – woman, 8. husband – wife, 9. son – daughter, 10. uncle – aunt, 11. waiter – waitress, 12. actor – actress, 13. nephew – niece, 14. king – queen, 15. boy – girl, 16. father – mother, 17. man – woman, 18. son – daughter, 19. uncle – aunt, 20. prince – princess, 21. waiter – waitress, 22. actor – actress, 23. brother – sister, 24. husband – wife, 25. lion – lioness, 26. boy – girl, 27. king – queen, 28. father – mother, 29. nephew – niece, 30. man – woman, 31. prince – princess, 32. son – daughter, 33. uncle – aunt, 34. waiter – waitress, 35. actor – actress, 36. brother – sister, 37. husband – wife, 38. lion – lioness, 39. boy – girl, 40. king – queen, 41. prince – princess, 42. father – mother, 43. man – woman, 44. son – daughter, 45. uncle – aunt, 46. waiter – waitress, 47. actor – actress, 48. brother – sister, 49. husband – wife, 50. lion – lioness, 51. boy – girl, 52. king – queen, 53. prince – princess, 54. father – mother, 55. nephew – niece, 56. man – woman, 57. son – daughter, 58. uncle – aunt, 59. waiter – waitress, 60. actor – actress, 61. brother – sister, 62. husband – wife, 63. lion – lioness, 64. boy – girl, 65. king – queen, 66. prince – princess, 67. father – mother, 68. nephew – niece, 69. man – woman, 70. son – daughter, 71. uncle – aunt, 72. waiter – waitress, 73. actor – actress, 74. brother – sister, 75. husband – wife, 76. lion – lioness, 77. boy – girl, 78. king – queen, 79. prince – princess, 80. father – mother, 81. nephew – niece, 82. man – woman, 83. son – daughter, 84. uncle – aunt, 85. waiter – waitress, 86. actor – actress, 87. brother – sister, 88. husband – wife, 89. lion – lioness, 90. boy – girl, 91. king – queen, 92. prince – princess, 93. father – mother, 94. nephew – niece, 95. man – woman, 96. son – daughter, 97. uncle – aunt, 98. waiter – waitress, 99. actor – actress, 100. brother – sister.