What is Noun Case?
The case of a noun tells us the role or function a noun plays in a sentence—whether it is the subject, object, shows possession, is a complement, is in apposition, or is used for addressing someone.
Noun Case यह बताता है कि वाक्य में संज्ञा (noun) का क्या काम है— क्या वह कर्ता (subject) है, कर्म (object) है, अधिकार/स्वामित्व दिखा रही है, पूरक (complement) है, समानाधिकरण (apposition) में है, या संवोधन (addressing) के लिए प्रयोग हुई है।
Types of Noun Case
1. Subjective Case
2. Objective Case
3. Possessing the Noun
4. Complement of the Verb
5. Case in Apposition
6. Nominative of Address
4. Complement of the Verb
Why is Complement Needed - (Complement क्यों आवश्यक है?)
Some verbs do not give complete meaning without a complement.
Example:
He is … ❌ (incomplete)
He is a teacher. ✔️
वह है … ❌
वह एक अध्यापक है। ✔️
Types of Complement of the Verb
1. Subject Complement - (noun / pronoun / adjective)
1) Noun Complements
A noun complement is a noun or noun phrase that follows a linking verb (like be, become, seem) and renames or identifies the subject.
संज्ञा पूरक वह संज्ञा या संज्ञा वाक्यांश है जो लिंकिंग वर्ब (जैसे is, become, seem) के बाद आता है और विषय (subject) की पहचान या नाम बताता है।
Examples:
-
He is a doctor.
वह एक डॉक्टर है। -
She became a teacher.
वह एक शिक्षक बन गई। -
My father is an engineer.
मेरे पिता एक इंजीनियर हैं। -
They are students.
वे छात्र हैं। -
Ramesh seems a hardworking person.
रमेश एक मेहनती व्यक्ति लगता है।
2) Pronoun Complements
A pronoun complement is a pronoun that follows a linking verb and refers back to the subject.
सर्वनाम पूरक वह सर्वनाम है जो लिंकिंग वर्ब के बाद आता है और विषय (subject) को दोबारा दर्शाता है।
Examples:
-
It is I.
यह मैं हूँ। -
This is she.
यह वह है। -
It was him who called.
यह वही था जिसने कॉल किया। -
It is we who decide.
यह हम हैं जो निर्णय लेते हैं। -
It seems they are right.
ऐसा लगता है कि वे सही हैं।
3) Adjective Complements
An adjective complement is an adjective or adjective phrase that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
विशेषण पूरक वह विशेषण या विशेषण वाक्यांश है जो लिंकिंग वर्ब के बाद आता है और विषय (subject) का वर्णन करता है।
Examples:
-
He is happy.
वह खुश है। -
She seems tired.
वह थकी हुई लगती है। -
The food became cold.
खाना ठंडा हो गया। -
They are ready.
वे तैयार हैं। -
The weather looks pleasant.
मौसम सुखद लगता है।
How to Identify Complement of the Verb - (Complement पहचानने के तरीके)
Step-1: Identify the Verb - Check if the verb is a linking verb - (is, am, are, was, were, become, seem, look, feel, appear)
Step-2: Ask the Question - Ask “What is the subject?” or “How is the subject?”
Step-3: Replace Test - If the word refers back to the subject and completes the verb’s meaning, it is a complement.
Example Identification
Sentence: He is honest.
Verb → is
Honest describes → He
✔ Therefore, honest = complement
Hindi Test:
वह कैसा है? → ईमानदार - ✔ पूरक (Complement)
1. He is a teacher.
Hindi: वह एक अध्यापक है।
Why:
The verb “is” is a linking verb.
The noun “teacher” renames the subject “he”, so it is a noun complement.
2. She looks happy.
Hindi: वह खुश लगती है।
Why:
The verb “looks” does not show action; it links the subject to its quality.
The adjective “happy” describes she, so it is an adjective complement.
3. My father became angry.
Hindi: मेरे पिता नाराज़ हो गए।
Why:
The verb “became” needs completion.
The adjective “angry” completes the meaning and refers back to my father.
4. The sky is blue.
Hindi: आसमान नीला है।
Why:
The verb “is” links the subject to its description.
The adjective “blue” describes the subject, so it is a complement.
5. Ramesh is an engineer.
Hindi: रमेश एक इंजीनियर है।
Why:
The noun “engineer” gives identity to Ramesh after the linking verb “is”.
Hence, it is a noun complement.
6. The food tastes delicious.
Hindi: भोजन स्वादिष्ट लगता है।
Why:
The verb “tastes” works as a linking verb here.
The adjective “delicious” describes food, completing the verb’s meaning.
7. The room seems empty.
Hindi: कमरा खाली लगता है।
Why:
The verb “seems” connects the subject to its condition.
The adjective “empty” explains the subject, so it is a complement.
8. He remained silent.
Hindi: वह चुप रहा।
Why:
The verb “remained” links the subject to its state.
The adjective “silent” describes he, making it a complement.
9. This book is useful.
Hindi: यह किताब उपयोगी है।
Why:
The verb “is” is a linking verb.
The adjective “useful” gives information about this book, so it is a complement.
10. The girl became a doctor.
Hindi: लड़की डॉक्टर बन गई।
Why:
The verb “became” needs a word to complete its meaning.
The noun “doctor” renames the girl, so it is a noun complement.
5. Case in Apposition - (Appositive Case)
When two nouns (or noun phrases) come together in a sentence, and the second noun explains, renames, or describes the first noun, both nouns are said to be in Apposition. Since both refer to the same person or thing, they are in the same case. This is called Case in Apposition.
Key Rule of Apposition
English
Both nouns refer to the same person or thing
The second noun does not change the meaning, only explains
Both nouns remain in the same grammatical case
Hindi
दोनों संज्ञाएँ एक ही व्यक्ति/वस्तु को दर्शाती हैं
दूसरी संज्ञा केवल स्पष्टीकरण देती है
दोनों संज्ञाएँ एक ही कारक में रहती हैं
Basic Examples
English:
Amit, my friend, lives here.
Hindi:
अमित, मेरा दोस्त, यहाँ रहता है।
Here:
Amit = my friend → same person → apposition
English
Delhi, the capital of India, is crowded.
Hindi:
दिल्ली, भारत की राजधानी, भीड़भाड़ वाली है।
Delhi = the capital of India → same place
How to Apply Case in Apposition
Step-by-Step (English)
Write the main noun
Immediately add another noun to explain or rename it
Separate it using commas
Ensure both nouns refer to the same entity
चरण (Hindi)
पहले मुख्य संज्ञा लिखें
उसके तुरंत बाद उसे समझाने वाली दूसरी संज्ञा जोड़ें
दोनों के बीच comma ( , ) लगाएँ
दोनों का अर्थ एक ही व्यक्ति/वस्तु होना चाहिए
More Examples with Explanation
1. Person
English:
Rohit, the captain of the team, played well.
Hindi:
रोहित, टीम का कप्तान, अच्छा खेला।
Explanation:
Rohit = captain → same person
2. Place
English:
Agra, the city of the Taj Mahal, attracts tourists.
Hindi:
आगरा, ताजमहल का शहर, पर्यटकों को आकर्षित करता है।
3. Profession
English:
Dr. Sharma, a famous surgeon, works here.
Hindi:
डॉ. शर्मा, एक प्रसिद्ध सर्जन, यहाँ काम करते हैं।
4. Family Relation
English:
Sita, my sister, is a teacher.
Hindi:
सीता, मेरी बहन, एक अध्यापिका है।
Case in Apposition without Commas
Sometimes apposition is essential and commas are not used.
English:
My friend Rahul is coming today.
Hindi:
मेरा दोस्त राहुल आज आ रहा है।
Here: Rahul explains which friend → still apposition
Common Mistakes
❌ Treating adjective as apposition
✔ Only nouns or noun phrases can be in apposition
❌ Thinking both nouns are separate subjects
✔ They represent one single identity
6. Nominative of Address - (Vocative Case)
जब किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का प्रयोग किसी को पुकारने, संबोधित करने या सीधे बात करने के लिए किया जाता है, तब वह संवोधन कारक (Vocative Case / Nominative of Address) कहलाता है। यह वाक्य की क्रिया से व्याकरणिक रूप से जुड़ा नहीं होता।
Key Characteristics
English
Used for calling or addressing someone.
Separated by a comma (,) or exclamation mark (!).
Has no direct relation with the verb.
Often appears at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
Hindi
पुकारने या संबोधित करने के लिए प्रयोग होता है।
इसके बाद अल्पविराम (,) या विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) आता है।
इसका क्रिया से सीधा संबंध नहीं होता।
वाक्य के शुरू, बीच या अंत में आ सकता है।

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