Noun With Definition, Rules & Examples | EnglishEraWithAmitPoonia

What is a Noun? (English & Hindi)

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.

Definition:
A noun is a word that names someone, somewhere, something, or a feeling/idea.

परिभाषा:
संज्ञा वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, प्राणी, वस्तु या भाव के नाम को दर्शाए।

Examples:

1. Person: boy, teacher, Amit
2. Place: school, Delhi, India
3. Animal: dog, cow, lion
4. Thing: book, chair, phone
5. Idea/Feeling: honesty, love, happiness

Sentence examples:

1. Amit is a good teacher.
2. The book is on the table.
3. Honesty is the best policy.

Type of Noun

1) Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. It always begins with a capital letter.

Hindi meaning:
जिस संज्ञा से किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का नाम पता चले, उसे Proper Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Ram is my best friend.
   (Ram is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a specific person.)
   राम मेरा सबसे अच्छा दोस्त है।
   (Ram विशेष व्यक्ति का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

2. Delhi is the capital of India.
   (Delhi is a Proper Noun because it names a specific city.)
   दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।
   (Delhi एक विशेष शहर का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

3. The Ganga is a holy river.
   (Ganga is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a particular river.)
   गंगा एक पवित्र नदी है।
   (Ganga एक खास नदी का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

4. Sachin Tendulkar is a famous cricketer.
   (Sachin Tendulkar is a Proper Noun because it refers to one person.)
   सचिन तेंदुलकर एक प्रसिद्ध क्रिकेटर हैं।
   (यह एक विशेष व्यक्ति का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है।)

5. Sunday is a holiday.
   (Sunday is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a specific day.)
   रविवार एक छुट्टी का दिन है।
   (Sunday एक खास दिन का नाम है, इसलिए Proper Noun है

6. ।)

2) Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Common Noun is the name of a general person, place, animal, or thing.

Hindi meaning:
जिस संज्ञा से किसी सामान्य व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का बोध हो, उसे Common Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. A boy is playing outside.
   (Boy is a Common Noun because it refers to any boy.)
   एक लड़का बाहर खेल रहा है।
   (boy किसी विशेष लड़के का नाम नहीं है।)

2. She bought a book.
   (Book is a Common Noun because it is a general thing.)
   उसने एक किताब खरीदी।
   (book सामान्य वस्तु है।)

3. The teacher is kind.
   (Teacher is a Common Noun because it refers to any teacher.)
   शिक्षक दयालु हैं।
   (teacher कोई खास नाम नहीं है।)

4. I saw a dog on the road.
   (Dog is a Common Noun because it refers to any dog.)
   मैंने सड़क पर एक कुत्ता देखा।
   (dog सामान्य जानवर है।)

5. This city is crowded.
   (City is a Common Noun because it does not name a specific city.)
   यह शहर भीड़भाड़ वाला है।
   (city किसी विशेष शहर का नाम नहीं है।)

3) Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Collective Noun is a word that names a group of people, animals, or things.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा समूह का बोध कराए, उसे Collective Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. A team is playing well.
   (Team is a Collective Noun because it means a group of players.)
   एक टीम अच्छा खेल रही है।
   (team खिलाड़ियों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

2. A crowd gathered outside.
   (Crowd is a Collective Noun because it refers to many people together.)
   बाहर भीड़ इकट्ठा हो गई।
   (crowd लोगों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

3. A herd of cows is grazing.
   (Herd is a Collective Noun because it refers to a group of cows.)
   गायों का झुंड चर रहा है।
   (herd क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

4. A bouquet of flowers looks beautiful.
   (Bouquet is a Collective Noun because it is a group of flowers.)
   फूलों का गुलदस्ता सुंदर लग रहा है।
   (bouquet फूलों का समूह है, क्योंकि यह एक समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

5. The jury gave its decision.
   (Jury is a Collective Noun because it refers to a group of judges.)
   जूरी ने अपना फैसला दिया।
   (jury लोगों के समूह को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Collective Noun है।)

4) Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
An Abstract Noun names a quality, feeling, idea, or state that cannot be seen or touched.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा भाव, गुण, अवस्था या भावना को प्रकट करे, उसे Abstract Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Honesty is the best policy.
   (Honesty is an Abstract Noun because it is a quality.)
   ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।
   (honesty एक गुण है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

2. He showed great courage.
   (Courage is an Abstract Noun because it is a feeling.)
   उसने बहुत साहस दिखाया।
   (courage भावना है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

3. Childhood is a beautiful phase.
   (Childhood is an Abstract Noun because it is a state of life.)
   बचपन जीवन की सुंदर अवस्था है।
   (childhood अवस्था को दर्शाता है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

4. Knowledge is power.
   (Knowledge is an Abstract Noun because it is an idea.)
   ज्ञान शक्ति है।
   (knowledge विचार है, क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

5. Happiness comes from within.
   (Happiness is an Abstract Noun because it is a feeling.)
   खुशी अंदर से आती है।
   (happiness भावना है,क्योंकि यह एक गुण को दर्शाता है, इसलिए Abstract Noun है।)

5) Material Noun (द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा)

English meaning:
A Material Noun names a substance or material from which things are made.

Hindi meaning:
जो संज्ञा किसी पदार्थ या द्रव्य का नाम बताए, उसे Material Noun कहते हैं।

Examples:

1. Gold is expensive.
   (Gold is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   सोना महंगा है।
   (gold एक पदार्थ है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

2. This table is made of wood.
   (Wood is a Material Noun because it is a material.)
   यह मेज लकड़ी से बनी है।
   (wood द्रव्य है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

3. Water is essential for life.
   (Water is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   पानी जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है।
   (water पदार्थ है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

4. The ring is made of silver.
   (Silver is a Material Noun because it is a metal.)
   अंगूठी चांदी की है।
   (silver धातु है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

5. Milk is good for health.
   (Milk is a Material Noun because it is a substance.)
   दूध स्वास्थ्य के लिए अच्छा है।
   (milk द्रव्य है, इसलिए यह Material Noun है।)

Countable Nouns (गणनीय संज्ञा)

Definition (English):
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. They have singular and plural forms.

परिभाषा (Hindi):
जिन संज्ञाओं को गिना जा सकता है, उन्हें Countable Nouns कहते हैं। इनके एकवचन और बहुवचन होते हैं।

Uncountable Nouns (अगणनीय संज्ञा)

Definition (English):
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted individually. They usually have only one form.

परिभाषा (Hindi):
जिन संज्ञाओं को अलग-अलग गिना नहीं जा सकता, उन्हें Uncountable Nouns कहते हैं। इनके बहुवचन नहीं होते।

Examples:

1. General Rule: Add –s

Most nouns form the plural by adding s.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples:

1. Book - Books – I bought two books.

2. Pen - Pens – The pens are on the table.

3. Girl - Girls – The girls are playing.

4. Dog - Dogs – Dogs are loyal animals.

5. Tree - Trees – The trees are tall.

6. Chair - Chairs – The chairs are broken.

7. Car - Cars – Cars are parked outside.

8. Boy - Boys – The boys are studying.

9. Teacher - Teachers – Teachers guide students.

10. Apple - Apples – Apples are healthy.

2. Nouns Ending in s, sh, ch, x, z - Add –es

Rule: Singular + es

Examples:

1. Bus - Buses – Buses run on time.

2. Box - Boxes – The boxes are heavy.

3. Class - Classes – Classes start at nine.

4. Dish - Dishes – Wash the dishes.

5. Match - Matches – The matches are wet.

6. Brush - Brushes – New brushes are needed.

7. Fox - Foxes – Foxes are clever.

8. Watch - Watches – These watches are costly.

9. Quiz - Quizzes – The quizzes were difficult.

10. Glass - Glasses – I wear glasses.

3. Nouns Ending in y

a) Consonant + y - y becomes i + es

Examples:

1. Baby - Babies – Babies need care.

2. City - Cities – Big cities are crowded.

3. Lady - Ladies – The ladies arrived early.

4. Story - Stories – Stories inspire us.

5. Country - Countries – Countries trade globally.

6. Party - Parties – Parties are fun.

7. Fly - Flies – Flies spread germs.

8. Army - Armies – Armies protect nations.

9. Puppy - Puppies – Puppies are cute.

10. Factory - Factories – Factories produce goods.

b) Vowel + y - Add –s only

Examples:

Boy - Boys, Toy - Toys, Day - Days

4. Nouns Ending in f / fe - f/fe becomes ves

Examples:

1. Leaf - Leaves – Leaves fall in autumn.

2. Wolf - Wolves – Wolves live in packs.

3. Knife - Knives – Knives are sharp.

4. Life - Lives – They saved many lives.

5. Wife - Wives – Wives supported them.

6. Shelf - Shelves – Shelves are full.

7. Thief - Thieves – Thieves were caught.

8. Loaf - Loaves – Fresh loaves are baked.

9. Half - Halves – Cut it into halves.

10. Calf - Calves – Calves need milk.

5. Irregular Plurals (No Fixed Rule)

Examples:

1. Man - Men – Men are working.

2. Woman - Women – Women lead teams.

3. Child - Children – Children are learning.

4. Tooth - Teeth – Teeth need care.

5. Foot - Feet – Feet were tired.

6. Mouse - Mice – Mice ran away.

7. Goose - Geese – Geese are swimming.

8. Person - People – People gathered here.

9. Ox - Oxen – Oxen pull carts.

10. Louse - Lice – Lice cause itching.

6. Same Form for Singular and Plural

Examples:

1. Sheep – The sheep is grazing / The sheep are grazing.

2. Deer – A deer crossed the road / Many deer crossed it.

3. Fish – I caught a fish / I caught many fish.

4. Aircraft – One aircraft landed / Two aircraft landed.

5. Species – This species is rare / These species are rare.

7. Nouns Always Plural

Examples:

1. Scissors – The scissors are sharp.

2. Trousers – His trousers are new.

3. Shorts – These shorts are cheap.

4. Glasses – My glasses are broken.

5. Pants – Pants are comfortable.

❌ Incorrect: A scissor
✔ Correct: A pair of scissors

8. Important Exceptions (Must Remember)

1. Photo - Photos (not photoes)
2. Piano - Pianos
3. Roof - Roofs (not rooves)
4. Belief - Beliefs
5. Chief - Chiefs

Sentence: The roofs of houses are damaged.

9. Words Ending with O → Add –ES (Mostly)

Many nouns ending in O form their plural by adding –es, especially short words or words used in daily life.

Rule: Singular + es

Examples:

1. Potato - Potatoes – Potatoes are rich in starch.

2. Tomato - Tomatoes – Tomatoes are fresh.

3. Hero - Heroes – Heroes inspire people.

4. Echo - Echoes – Echoes were heard.

5. Mango - Mangoes – Mangoes are sweet.

6. Negro - Negroes – Negroes were mentioned in history books.

7. Volcano - Volcanoes – Volcanoes erupt suddenly.

8. Cargo - Cargoes – Cargoes were shipped.

9. Mosquito - Mosquitoes – Mosquitoes spread diseases.

10. Buffalo - Buffaloes – Buffaloes are grazing.

10. Words Ending with O → Add –S (Many Exceptions)

Words ending in O that come from shortened forms, musical terms, modern usage, or foreign origin usually take –s only.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples:

1. Photo - Photos – Photos look beautiful.

2. Piano - Pianos – Pianos are expensive.

3. Radio - Radios – Radios are playing.

4. Video - Videos – Videos went viral.

5. Studio - Studios – Studios are closed.

6. Zoo - Zoos – Zoos protect animals.

7. Solo - Solos – Guitar solos were amazing.

8. Logo - Logos – Logos represent brands.

9. Memo - Memos – Memos were sent.

10. Auto - Autos – Autos are common here.

11. Words Ending with OO → Add –S only

All nouns ending with OO form the plural by adding –s.

Rule: Singular + s

Examples with sentences:

1. Zoo - Zoos – Zoos are educational.

2. Kangaroo - Kangaroos – Kangaroos jump high.

3. Bamboo - Bamboos – Bamboos grow fast.

4. Cuckoo - Cuckoos – Cuckoos sing loudly.

5. Tattoo - Tattoos – Tattoos are popular.

6. Igloo - Igloos – Igloos are made of ice.

7. Shamboo - Shamboos – Shamboos are stored.

8. Tycoon - Tycoons – Tycoons invest heavily.

9. Taboo - Taboos – Taboos vary by culture.

10. Boo - Boos – Boos came from the crowd.

11. Rule: Making Plurals of Short Forms / Abbreviations

When letters, short forms, abbreviations, or initials are made plural, we often add ’s to avoid confusion, especially in traditional or educational writing.

Structure:

Abbreviation + ’s

A. Plural of Letters (A, B, C, etc.)

Examples:

1. A - A’s – Do not forget to cross your A’s.
2. B - B’s – There are three B’s in this word.
3. C - C’s – The report has many C’s.
4. D - D’s – He scored two D’s

B. Plural of Initialisms (Capital Letters)

Examples:

1. M.L.A → M.L.A’s – The M.L.A’s attended the meeting.
2. M.P → M.P’s – The M.P’s raised the issue.
3. S.P → S.P’s – Several S.P’s were transferred.
4. C.E.O → C.E.O’s – The C.E.O’s met today.
5. I.A.S → I.A.S’s – The I.A.S’s were honored.

C. Plural of Numbers, Years & Symbols (Traditional Use)

Examples:

1. 1990 - 1990’s – Music of the 1990’s was popular.
2. 10 - 10’s – He is in his 10’s.
3. ₹ - ₹’s – Avoid mixing ₹’s in notes.

Modern Style Note:
Today, many style guides prefer 1990s (without apostrophe), but 1990’s is still accepted in exams and traditional writing.

What is Gender?

Gender in English grammar shows whether a noun or pronoun refers to a male, female, both, or non-living thing. It helps us understand who or what is being talked about.

Gender (लिंग) से पता चलता है कि कोई संज्ञा या सर्वनाम पुरुष, स्त्री, दोनों या निर्जीव वस्तु को दर्शाता है।
यह बताता है कि बात किसके या किस चीज़ के बारे में हो रही है।

Example:

1. Boy - male
2. Girl - female
3. Table - non-living

How many types of Gender are there?

There are four types of Gender in English grammar.

1. Masculine Gender

2. Feminine Gender

3. Common Gender

4. Neuter Gender

1. Masculine Gender (पुल्लिंग)

Masculine Gender refers to male persons or animals.

Masculine Gender (पुल्लिंग) पुरुष जाति को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Man, Boy, Father, King, Lion

1. The boy is playing in the park.
   Explanation (English): The word boy refers to a male child, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Boy शब्द एक पुरुष बच्चे को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

2. My father works in a bank.
   Explanation (English): Father is a male parent, so it belongs to Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Father पुरुष माता-पिता को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

3. The king ruled the country wisely.
   Explanation (English): King is a male ruler, which makes it Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): King पुरुष शासक होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

4. His brother lives in Delhi.
   Explanation (English): Brother is a male sibling, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Brother पुरुष भाई को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

5. The actor won an award.
   Explanation (English): Actor refers to a male performer, hence Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Actor पुरुष कलाकार को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

6. The uncle visited us yesterday.
   Explanation (English): Uncle is a male relative, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Uncle पुरुष रिश्तेदार होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

7. The lion is the king of the jungle.
   Explanation (English): Lion refers to the male animal, making it Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Lion नर जानवर को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

8. That man is very honest.
   Explanation (English): Man clearly refers to a male human being, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Man पुरुष मनुष्य को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

9. The prince is brave.
   Explanation (English): Prince is the male child of a king or queen, so it is Masculine Gender.
   व्याख्या (Hindi): Prince राजा का पुत्र होता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

10. The teacher praised the boy.
    Explanation (English): Boy represents a male gender, hence Masculine Gender.
    व्याख्या (Hindi): Boy पुरुष लिंग को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह पुल्लिंग है।

2. Feminine Gender (स्त्रीलिंग)

Feminine Gender refers to female persons or animals
Feminine Gender (स्त्रीलिंग) स्त्री जाति को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Woman, Girl, Mother, Queen, Lioness

1. The girl is dancing.
   Explanation: Girl refers to a female child, so it is Feminine Gender.
   व्याख्या: Girl स्त्री बच्चे को दर्शाता है, इसलिए यह स्त्रीलिंग है।

2. My mother is a teacher.
   Explanation: Mother is a female parent.
   व्याख्या: Mother महिला माता को दर्शाता है।

3. The queen is kind.
   Explanation: Queen is a female ruler.
   व्याख्या: Queen महिला शासक होती है।

4. Her sister lives nearby.
   Explanation: Sister is a female sibling.
   व्याख्या: Sister महिला बहन को दर्शाता है।

5. The actress won a prize.
   Explanation: Actress is a female performer.
   व्याख्या: Actress महिला कलाकार को दर्शाता है।

6. My aunt is visiting us.
   Explanation: Aunt is a female relative.
   व्याख्या: Aunt महिला रिश्तेदार होती है।

7. The lioness is hunting.
   Explanation: Lioness is a female animal.
   व्याख्या: Lioness मादा जानवर को दर्शाता है।

8. That woman is honest.
   Explanation: Woman refers to an adult female.
   व्याख्या: Woman वयस्क महिला को दर्शाता है।

9. The princess is brave.
   Explanation: Princess is a female royal child.
   व्याख्या: Princess राजकुमारी होती है।

10. The nurse helped the patient.
    Explanation: Nurse here refers to a female.
    व्याख्या: यहाँ Nurse महिला को दर्शाता है।

3. Common Gender (उभयलिंग)

Common Gender refers to nouns that can be male or female.

Common Gender (उभयलिंग) ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो पुरुष या स्त्री दोनों के लिए प्रयोग होते हैं।

Examples:
Teacher, Student, Child, Doctor, Friend

1. The teacher is explaining the lesson.
   Explanation: Teacher can be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Teacher पुरुष या महिला दोनों हो सकते हैं।

2. My friend is very helpful.
   Explanation: Friend has no fixed gender.
   व्याख्या: Friend का कोई निश्चित लिंग नहीं होता।

3. The student is preparing for exams.
   Explanation: Student can be a boy or a girl.
   व्याख्या: Student लड़का या लड़की हो सकता है।

4. The doctor is on duty.
   Explanation: Doctor may be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Doctor पुरुष या महिला दोनों हो सकते हैं।

5. The child is sleeping.
   Explanation: Child does not show gender.
   व्याख्या: Child लिंग नहीं बताता।

6. The cousin lives abroad.
   Explanation: Cousin is used for both genders.
   व्याख्या: Cousin दोनों लिंगों के लिए होता है।

7. The neighbor helped us.
   Explanation: Neighbor has common gender.
   व्याख्या: Neighbor उभयलिंग है।

8. The baby is crying.
   Explanation: Baby can be male or female.
   व्याख्या: Baby लड़का या लड़की हो सकता है।

9. The teacher scolded the student.
   Explanation: Both words are common gender.
   व्याख्या: दोनों शब्द उभयलिंग हैं।

10. The player performed well.
    Explanation: Player does not specify gender.
    व्याख्या: Player लिंग स्पष्ट नहीं करता।

4. Neuter Gender (नपुंसकलिंग)

Neuter Gender refers to non-living things, objects, or ideas.
Neuter Gender (नपुंसकलिंग) निर्जीव वस्तुओं या चीज़ों को दर्शाता है।

Examples:
Book, Table, Chair, Pen, Car

1. The book is on the table.
   Explanation: Book is a thing, so Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: Book वस्तु है, इसलिए नपुंसकलिंग है।

2. The pen is blue.
   Explanation: Non-living object.
   व्याख्या: निर्जीव वस्तु है।

3. This chair is broken.
   Explanation: Chair has no life.
   व्याख्या: Chair निर्जीव है।

4. The room is clean.
   Explanation: A place is Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: स्थान नपुंसकलिंग होता है।

5. The phone is charging.
   Explanation: Phone is a thing.
   व्याख्या: Phone एक वस्तु है।

6. The clock is old.
   Explanation: No gender applies.
   व्याख्या: इसमें लिंग नहीं होता।

7. The computer is fast.
   Explanation: Machine = Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: मशीन नपुंसकलिंग होती है।

8. The bag is heavy.
   Explanation: Bag is non-living.
   व्याख्या: Bag निर्जीव है।

9. The house is big.
   Explanation: Buildings are Neuter Gender.
   व्याख्या: इमारतें नपुंसकलिंग होती हैं।

10. The road is wide.
    Explanation: Road is a thing, not living.
    व्याख्या: Road निर्जीव वस्तु है।

Rules to Change Masculine to Feminine Gender

Rule 1: By changing the word completely (Different words)

Some masculine nouns change into entirely different feminine words.

Man - Woman
Boy - Girl
Father - Mother
King - Queen
Husband - Wife
Son - Daughter
Uncle - Aunt
Brother - Sister
Bull - Cow
Cock - Hen

Explanation: There is no fixed suffix rule here; the word itself changes.

Rule 2: By adding –ess

Many masculine nouns form the feminine by adding –ess.

Actor - Actress
Poet - Poetess
Lion - Lioness
Host - Hostess
Tiger - Tigress
Heir - Heiress
God - Goddess

Note: Sometimes spelling also changes slightly.

Rule 3: By changing –or into –ress

Masculine nouns ending in –or often change to –ress.

Actor - Actress
Emperor - Empress
Governor - Governess
Instructor - Instructress
Waiter - Waitress

Important: Not all –or words follow this rule in modern English.

Rule 4: By changing –er into –ess

Some masculine nouns ending in –er form feminine by –ess.

Master - Mistress
Manager - Manageress
Murderer - Murderess
Sorcerer - Sorceress

Modern Usage: Some of these are becoming gender-neutral.

Rule 5: By adding –ine

Certain nouns form the feminine by adding –ine.

Hero - Heroine
Czar - Czarina
Signor - Signorina

Spelling Change: Hero + ine = Heroine (drop ‘o’ sound)

Rule 6: By adding –a

Some words form feminine gender by adding a.

Poet - Poeta
Sultan - Sultana
Prophet - Propheta

Usage: Less common in modern English but seen in literature.

Rule 7: By changing –man into –woman

Words ending with –man often change to –woman.

Man - Woman
Chairman - Chairwoman
Policeman - Policewoman
Salesman - Saleswoman
Postman - Postwoman

Modern English: Often replaced by gender-neutral terms like police officer.

Rule 8: By using a different form for animals

Many animals have separate masculine and feminine names.

Horse - Mare
Dog - Bitch
Lion - Lioness
Peacock - Peahen
Fox - Vixen
Stag - Doe

Rule 9: By adding female / she- before the noun

Some nouns remain the same, but gender is shown by adding a word.

Doctor - Female doctor
Teacher - She-teacher
Child - Girl child

Used when no separate feminine word exists.

Rule 10: By changing spelling slightly

Some words change form slightly.

Monk - Nun
Wizard - Witch
Bachelor - Spinster

These are fixed pairs, not rule-based.

Rule 11: Common Gender (No change)

Some nouns are same for both genders.

Teacher
Student
Doctor
Friend
Cousin

 Follow to attempt exercises: Noun With Brief Overview of Types, Singular Plural and Gender Exercises | EnglishEraWithAmitPoonia - EnglishEraWithAmitPoonia